Mark Twain :: essays research papers

Samuel Clemens was born and grew up in Hannibal, Missouri. This was the home of his later characters gobbler Sawer and Huck Finn. In these books he incorporated such features that really existed in Hannibal features such as Holidays Hill, Bear Creek and Lovers Leap. Clemens described the residents of Hannibal as happy and content with the lives they led in their small town.In his late teens, Clemens left Hannibal on a riverboat to become a printer in St. Louis. He moved up in the ranks of printing and moved to New York and eventually to Washington D.C. Clemens remembered how much fun he had had on the riverboat and how glorious it must live been to be a pilot. He soon decided to move to New Orleans to become a pilot. On the boat, he often heard things same Mark the twain, two fathoms deep. He liked how the words Mark Twain sounded and in one of his first books, Life on the Mississippi intimately his four years piloting the Spread Eagle along the twisting river, he decided to use the name Mark Twain.Mark Twain stop piloting the riverboat in 1861, at the start of the Civil War, to join the Union. He went to war for two weeks and left immediately after being involved in the shooting of a civilian. He said he knew retreating better than its inventor did. He soon decided to travel 1,700 miles from the Missouri Territory , to the Nevada Territory. He passed through Overland City, Horseshoe City, and many large and small cities in between.Clemens commented that Salt Lake City was healthy. He said that the city had one doctor who was arrested once a week for lack of work. Virginia City was very lively from all of the gold and silver found near. He commented that the saloons, courts and prisons were busy and there was a whisky mill every fifteen steps. Inspired by the vein of silver as wide as a New York City street chthonian Virginia City, Twain decided to go prospecting. Many people went prospecting crazy but Twain thought it must have skipped over him. After n ot finding any silver, he wrote a book called Roughing It.Clemens soon went to San Francisco and took a job at the San Francisco Times. From them he got the title of The Most Wild Humorist of the Pacific dip.

Female Deception in Aristophanes Essays -- Aristophanes Women Thesmoph

Female Deception in AristophanesThe sly, unreal nature of women in Ancient Greece is a prominent theme in the comic plays of Aristophanes. the like many other Grecian writers, his depiction of crimes committed by women slanders their reputation and reinforces the negative female stereotypes of the times. Yet when adept looks at the issue through the look of the female characters in his plays, womens dissembling appears to be not only natural, but even praiseworthy for its reliability and aide in leadership, and is relatively immaterial compared to the crimes committed by men. In particular, his two plays Women at the Thesmophoria and Assemblywomen show that female attitudes about deception were varied depending on the crime, and that if a womans deception was for a good cause it was pardoned in the eyes of her fellow matrons.In Women at the Thesmophoria, a Kinsman of Euripides disguises himself as a woman and sneaks into the festival of the Thesmophoria in coordinate to def end the tragic poet, who the women want to kill because he slanders them in his plays. In her speech against him at the festival, Mika complains that he calls them lover-bangers, nymphos, wine-oglers, disloyal, chattery, unwholesome, the bane of mens lives (lines 431-432). On the one hand, these women do not deny the charges Euripides brings against them but seem only to want to continue getting away with them without being caught, ironically giving proof to their deceptive nature. In lines 384-396 the female Herald actually admits that these types of crimes do occur in the household. However, the womens acceptance of them varies. While they defend the practice of baby-swapping, they denounce women who betray lovers, venerable women who steal youn... ...n of deceit in women by no means lessens the restrictions on gender roles and norms in Ancient Greek society, it suggests that womens opinions on deception were oft more than tolerant if the circumstances behind the deceit m ade it excusable. Women seem to view their own deception as innate, useful in certain situations, and unimportant compared to the vulgar, selfish acts of men. The combination of these female attitudes with those of the male characters gives womens deceit both positive as well as negative connotations. Whether a male comics perception of womens attitudes about deceit reflects actual female opinion or not is still to be contested, but even by poking fun at womens ability to rule Aristophanes is giving the Athenian women some voice about their own deceptive characteristics and creates a more well-rounded look at female deception as a whole.

War and Deception - President George Bush and President Lyndon Johnson

The responsibilities of a presidential administration to the United States should be easily defined, but in umpteen instances bedevil come to be uncertain. There are two wars over the last century that have compromised the American reputation, as well as the truth of our people. On these two occasions the intentions of our president have been something different than publicized to the country. The United States as a whole was deceived by two particular leadership and their administration. Through propaganda, selective speech, and exaggerated evidence, Presidents Lyndon Johnson and George W. Bush manipulated the support of the nation for their bold military actions and personal agendas. In August of 1964 there was an alleged attack by North Vietnamese torpedo boats against the United States navy while they were stationed in the Tonkin disjunction reporting intelligence information to South Vietnam. This attack was said to have occurred with no provocation from the United Sta tes. President Lyndon Johnson and his advisers decided upon immediate retaliation with air attacks. Johnson went further in asking Congress to pass a dissolvent that would authorize further military action. The Tonkin Gulf Resolution was passed by Congress on August seventh. This has been described by historians as a blank freeze for the Johnson and Nixon administrations (Nelson, 452). It gave the president great authority over decisions made about the war in Vietnam. Both Johnson and Nixon cited the Tonkin Gulf Resolution many times during their terms to free further military action in Southeast Asia. In 1968, the Senate Foreign Relations Committee performed investigations that revealed that Johnson had been deceptive in gaining the support of Congress. Records and testimonies showed that the U.S. ship attacked that August twenty-four hour period in 1964 was actually in North Vietnamese territory gathering sensitive information. It was also revealed that the administration was aware that an attack was possible while in these waters (Nelson, 452). There were also further revelations of the deception of President Johnson. In 1995, Vo Nguyen Giap, a retired Vietnamese general met with former Secretary of Defense, Robert McNamara. In this meeting, Giap repeatedly denied that the Tonkin Gulf attack had ever happened. Also, in 2001, a taped conversation between Lyndon Johnson and McNamara exposed Johnsons o... ...nd lose respect for the United States. These actions have caused us to liveliness like power hungry, arrogant intruders around the world. The deception of the government deprivations to be terminated. The foreign policy and actions of the United States needs to be made public. Citizens need to be made aware of the governments intentions, so as to create a wider support group or to give us the full to protest and stop actions they do not agree with. Work CitedBunch, William. Invading Iraq not a new idea for Bush clique. Philly Daily News. 27 J anuary 2003.Davidson, Kenneth. The true(a) Reasons America is Invading Iraq. The Age. 20 March 2003.Ellsburg, Daniel. Secrets A Memoir of Vietnam and the Pentagon Papers. New York Viking Penguin, 2002.Martin, Patrick. What happened to Iraqs weapons of mass destruction? International Committee of the Fourth International. 22 April 2003.Nelson, Michael. The brass A to Z. Washington, D.C. Congressional Quarterly, Inc., 1998.Scheer, Christopher. Ten Appalling Lies We Were Told About Iraq. Alternet. 27 June 2003. Weapons of Mass Destruction Who Said What When. Counter Punch. 29 May 2003.

Little Women Essay -- Literary Analysis, Louisa May Alcott

Captured the nuances that still move me to laugh and cry (Delamar xiii). Louisa whitethorn Alcott is such a wonderful woman who was known not only as a great writer, but also a fighter for justice and advocate of human rights. No matter how m both difficulties Louisa faced in her life, she had succeeded in achieving her dream. She wrote one and only(a) of the greatest books of her era, Little Women. She participated in anti-slavery activities, and was a non-official feminist. She worked hard for fans and neither for fame nor money. Louisa May Alcott is example for all of the people in the world. Louisa May Alcott was born in a poor but full of love family. She grew up with the kindness of her father and loveliness of her mother. Louisa May Alcotts father was a writer, and a great make on her. Her mother was a pioneer in the womens suffrage and abolitionist movement. Louisa showed interest in writing when she was the child. She used her fathers dictionary and philosophy book to st udy when no one saw (Delamar 3-5). Her family moved many times, and only when she got fourteen, she had her first personal room (Shealy xix). Louisa May Alcott and her three sisters got schooling at home by her father. In spite of her poor and hard life, she tried to overcome hardships.When Louisa May Alcott turned seventeen, she was such a beautiful woman, who was large and charming. She had great blue eyes and brown hair. However, she would never get married because she thought that a woman could take care of herself without a mans supports (Delamar 34). Because of her difficult life, she began to work at an early age. She worked as a governess, a seamstress, and a teacher. When she was fifteen, she taught some of her younger playmates. During her teaching and... ... appetite, and all her sicknesses teased her, she continued work. She was not able to write by her right hand, but she forced herself to learn how to write by her left hand. Louisa May Alcott worked on Jos Boys, an d she knew that it would be her blend in story (Delamar 136).On March 4, Louisa May Alcott came to visit her sick father for the last time, and he died on that same day. Two days later, she followed her father without any regret. She left behind a wonderful work all her books, letters and journals are part of American history (Matteson). In spite of hard life, she achieved everything she wanted. Louisa May Alcott is analogy of perfect and free woman. She proved that hard working can help to achieve dream. People read her book up till now. iodin thing she gained was something she never dreamed of Louisa May Alcott achieved immortality. (Delamar 142).

War in Iraq :: essays research papers

Self- rectifyment.When I finished highscool in Ukraine, my mother taught me one very important lesson. She said Self-improvement is a key for your success. In 1998 I got a bachelor degree in Child Education. I took me two years to complete a school program. During my school years I went finished difficult times. There were moments when I wanted to drop knocked out(p) of school, but I always remembered my mothers words about continual self-improvement. Now, subsequently all, I am really proud of my achievements. I have accomplished my goal. But, Ill never stop to better my education, because this is lifetime process for me.After I finished high school I had a dilemma. Whether to do ordinary, low paying work, or pick a major and further my education. One even I had a long conversation with my mother. She explained to me that education is the only way to improve my life. Regular jobs would only allow me to survive, but if I wanted to improve my life I need to go to college. For that reason, I decided to make a plan of my further education. During my collage years, 1996 1998, I wanted to drop out of school many times. I had to complete a four-year program in two years. I had a very busy schedule. Monday through Friday I was in school form 8 am to 6 pm. After school I did my homework until 3 am in the morning. Even, on Saturdays and Sundays studied for 8 10 hours. Nevertheless, I graduated with good grades and award letter for my academic achievements Right after I had finished my studies I felt a horse sense of relief and a great joy of self-achievement. . At that moment I wanted to relax for a while and then continue my education.My education didnt stop after completion of the college program. During the summer of 1998 I went to my parents village for a short rest. Then I decided to continue my studies at Kyiv Pedagogic University. In fall 1998, I started an eighteen-month program. It was easy for me at this time, because I had a basic knowledge of the subje ct. Also I didnt have to mull over until 2 3 in the morning. On top of that, during the weekends I was able to relax. In February 2000, I successfully graduated from Kiev Pedagogic University. I receive a diploma for Child Care specialist.

Pride in Things Fall Apart, by Chinua Achebe :: essays research papers

In the novel Things Fall Apart, by Chinua Achebe, the main character, Okonkwo, has a lot of insolence. There is a well-known aphorism, ? compliment goes before a fall.? Through Okonkwo?s hard work, he became a great man, with a sense of pride and haughtiness. He then suffered a spillage of pride, which ultimately led to his tear fall and even his suicide. So, through Okonkwo?s actions, Achebe suggests that excessive pride can lead to down fall.For my first point, I am going to start with a joke ?One day there was an airplane flying note of hand Clinton, Bill Gates, Bill (a kid), and Billy g. Something went wrong with the plane, and so it had to be abandoned. The pilot strapped on a parachute and said to the passengers, ?There are only four parachutes, and I am taking one.? Bill Clinton grabbed the secondment and said, ?I am the most important man, and my country needs me, so I am taking one, too.? Then, Bill Gates grabbed the third one and said, ?I am the smartest man in the wo rld, and my people need me.? After Bill Gates left, Bill (the kid) was just looking at the last parachute, when Billy Gram said, ?I am old and you are young, and you have your whole life ahead of you, so take the last parachute.? After a little while, Bill looked up at Billy Gram and said, ?I was not thinking about that, it is just that the smartest man took my back pack.? As you saw from the joke and the book, twain Okonkwo and Bill Gates were full of prejudice pride. Both thought they were great men, and saw others as inferior compared to them. But their pride led to their destruction. Second, Okonkwo?s pride was greatly bruised while attending a great warrior?s funeral, named Ezeudu. It was when ?Darkness was around the corner? (page 124), when Okonkwo?s life took a sharp turn down hill. ?Guns fired the last salute and the cannon rent the sky. And then from the center of the delirious fury came a cry of agony and shouts of horror. It was as if a save had been cast. All was sile nt. In the center of the crowd a boy lay in a pool of blood. It was the dead man?s sixteen-year-old son, who with his brothers and half-brothers had been dancing the handed-down farewell to their father.

Is Nick a Good Narrator Essay

As the teller of facts for on the whole of his observations, come off proves to be a reliable narrator for this story. He is unaffected by what goes on virtually him, despite people bringing him into personal situations. Nick is factual with details. He is as well, a very private person though, and tells us little of himself during the events. In telling us ab bulge his growing up years shows us that Nick has learned m all admirable things.In Chapter 1 he tells us how he was raised and the advices given him by his father. These included council on how to speak to people in general. As quoted by Nick, his father t darkened him Whenever you feel like criticizing any one he told me, just remember that all the people in this world havent had the advantages that youve had. He admits to us here that In government issue Im inclined to reserve all judgments.He did not appear to like being drawn into drama and would avoid it at all cost. The abnormal mind is quick to detect and attach itself to this quality when it appears in a normal person, and so it came about that in college I was unjustly accuse of being a politician, because I was privy to the secret griefs of wild, unknown men. Most of the con? dences were unsought frequently I have feigned sleep, preoccupation, or a hostile levity when I realized by some unmistakable sign that an intimate revelation was quivering on the horizon. When describing events, Nick seems again unattached. He tells us what people wear, what they say and how they say it, with much emotion.On his own home in the af? uent area that he had moved (Chapter 2) My own house was an eye-sore, except it was a small eye-sore, and it had been overlooked, so I had a view of the water, a partial view of my neighbors lawn, and the consoling proximity of millionaires all for eighty dollars a month. When he tells us about Tom he explains (Chapter 2) His speaking voice, a gruff husky tenor, added to the impression of fractiousness he conveyed. There was a stir up of paternal contempt in it, even toward people he likedand there were men at New Haven who had hated his guts. When he introduces Daisy and Jordon for the ? rst prison term in (Chapter 2)The only completely stationary object in the room was an enormous couch on which two young women were buoyed up as though upon an anchored Is Nick a entire Narrator? ESSAY THE GREAT GATSBY PJD balloon. They were both in white and their dresses were rippling and fluttering as if they had just been blown endorse in after a short flight around the house. he then goes on with further detail The younger of the two was a weird to me.She was extended full length at her end of the divan, completely motionless and with her chin raised a little as if she were balancing something on it which was kinda likely to fall. If she saw me out of the corner of her eyes she gave no hint of itindeed, I was almost surprised into murmuring an apology for having disturbed her by glide path in. Th e other lady friend, Daisy, made an attempt to riseshe leaned slightly transport with a conscientious expression then she laughed, an absurd, charming little laugh, and I laughed too and came forward into the room.The only time we see him express any real emotion is when he realizes that they are all sitting around doing a lot of nought except to anger and upset each other and that not one person has wished him a Happy Birthday that day. He himself, until that moment had forgotten that he turned 30 on that extraordinarily hot day (Chapter 7) No I just remembered that todays my birthday. I was thirty. Before me stretched the portentous sinister road of a new decade. Nicks privacy is highlighted in events that have taken place in the novel, but not carried forward with any great detail.Though he describes his college year, followed by his time in the army and going to war, he leaves a lot of personal things out. The ? rst couple of things that stand out regarding his personal pr ivacy. He makes friends with a co-worker and after knowing each other a very short time, the two decide to rent a house together in the country. The friend is shipped off to Washington by the ? rm immediately on renting a weather beaten cardboard bungalow at eighty a month. In that same paragraph, we learn that Nick has a dog with him at least I had him for a fewer days until he ran away.Nor does he talk about having a girlfriend out west or someone that he has befriended at very least, though in Chapter 2 after he meets his cousin Daisy, her husband (and Nicks former classmate) Tom and their friend Jordan Baker (a Is Nick a good Narrator? ESSAY THE GREAT GATSBY PJD professional golfer). Daisy suddenly says to Nick, as he is leaving I forgot to ask you something, and its important. We heard you were engaged to a girl out West. Nick wards of the question saying Its libel. Im too poor. He then goes on privately that he was aware of this story, but that it was not true.He says T he fact that gossip had published the banns was one of the reasons I had come east. He only refers to the woman at hand as an old friend. Nick spoke with clarity on the events of the summer. He described in detail, the costuming and events, the locations and people. Nick seemed unbiased and disconnected in an unemotional way, until the events of his own birthday. Overall, Nick seemed to have a good grasp of the people and events of that summer, while leaving details of himself to be determined.

Causes of Mass Failure in English Language

ISSN2039? 2117MediterraneanJournalof societal cognitionsVol3(1)January2012Causes of rising loser of the students in the capable of side of meat at subsidiary Level Gulap Shahzada (Corresponding & Principal author) Institute of Education & seek University of Science & Technology, Bannu, Pakistan emailprotected com Dr. Safdar Rehman Ghazi Institute of Education & Research University of Science & Technology, Bannu, Pakistan emailprotected com Dr.Umar Ali caravanserai Director Institute of Education & Research Gomal University DIKhan, Pakistan emailprotected com Doi 10. 5901/mjss. 2012. 03. 01. 603 Abstract Purpose of this research was to find out causes of rising ill luck of the students in the subject of side at Secondary Level. This paper was descriptive in nature. All the male unessential schools in district Bannu constituted population of this conduct. From 50 secondary schools 100 side teachers were randomly selected as a sample of the study.A questionnaire for secondary school teachers was developed to collect data. To analyze and interpret data, simple percentage was employ. Results of the study showed that majority of the respondents approved that teacher of face argon non qualified and well trained, teachers of position do not teach face in a proper manner, Audio- Visual aids atomic number 18 not used in English phase, The be given is not compatible to the present time, teachers of linguistics atomic number 18 not present in our schools, English is given immenseness in the annual progress of the students in school.It was recommended that Qualified and well trained teachers may be prescribed for English, teachers of English may use modern inform method method instead of traditional methods, Audio visual aids may be used much(prenominal) as actors line lab, gramophone, English course may be made compatible to the present time, instructors may be encouraged to get linguistics knowledge. Key rowing English language, Audio, Visual aid s, Communication, International 1. Introduction The kind of Education, offered to their people by the countries of the world is always related to their progress and advancement.The more the people of societies ar Educated, the more they ar civilized and well disciplined. It is a fact universally recognized, that Education is the prime key to moral, cultural, political and socio-economic development of a nation. Islam being a revolutionary trust made it obligatory on every man and woman to acquire knowledge and exerted them undertake long and tedious journey to distant land in search of it. Emphasizing the importance of Education and teaching in Islam it is enough to note that the first revelation of the Prophet was Read in the name of thy nobleman who created.It is through Education that a person gets an insight to understand and resolve his problems as well as those of his society (Goernment of Pakistan, 1998).605 ISSN2039? 2117MediterraneanJournalofSocialSciencesVol3(1)Januar y2012 Secondary Education is considered to be an important sub sector of the entire Education system. If it provides middle level workers for the economy on one hand, and on the other(a)wise, it acts as a feeder for the higher level of Education.The quality of Higher Education depends upon the quality of secondary Education which is expected to produce high quality professionals in diametrical fields of Social, Economic and Political life of the nation. Thus Secondary level of Education therefore, requires to be organized in such a way that it should build young men and women for the pursuit of Higher Education, as well as make them able to adjust with their practical lives meaning seriousy and productively (Bhatti, 1987).An excellent opportunity is, therefore provided by four years of secondary education to the Educators and Educationists to conceive and launch programs which initiate the learners in to proper forms of behaviour and attitudes, which leads to decent productive and nonaggressive life in future (Govt of Pakistan, 1998). According to Encyclopedia Britannica (2005), a system of conventional, spoken or written symbols by means of which human beings, as members of a genial group and participants in its nicety, communicate is called a language.No nation on the globe can make progress in all fields of life, without having progress and good command of English. It is a great wonder that quality of instruction in English and results of the Examinations in the subject of English were the lowest of all the other subjects. The medium by which we communicate our thoughts and getings to our fellowmen , the tool with which we conduct our business or governing body, the vehicle in the Science, Philosophy, the poetry of the race remove been transmitted is surely valued of study . It is fact that most of the time and energy is consumed in teaching and reading of English.In spite of all these our students are weak in English. So the government real ized the importance of English and has made it absolute from the very first level. According to Aggarwal (1995 ) command over English is a vehicle of thought and omit of command over it is bound to make thoughts inexpressible, only those who understand any language can express themselves in that language. This is the age of Science and technology, and no body politic can afford isolation from the social, Educational, Scientific and cultural movements profession like Engineering, Medicines, Agriculture and Industries.After all English is the language of the greatest power of the world. It spread as the language of the colonies of Britain in Africa and Asian countries (Griffer, 2002). The power of English will be increased by globalization, United States, World Bank, IMF etc. will control these jobs, which have started operating increasingly in English. This trend will increase the demand for English Schooling, which will make parents invest in English at the terms of their own l anguages (Skutnabb, 2000).According to Nicholas (1998), in the teaching of English, the teachers generally use Translation Method which is an old Method of Teaching therefore, our students cannot get command over English language, as evident from the fact that there are a large number of students who fail in English at Secondary level. So, in light of the in a higher impersonate mentioned facts the knowledge of English language is most important for a nation, but majority of the students fail in English because of lack of language learning Environment, superannuated curriculum, rigid Teaching Methods and incompetent English language Teachers in the Academic and professional Areas.Functional grammar is not taught and practiced, in the classrooms more importance is given to the teaching of English text-Books. For the study of English successfully, the teacher must help the students to acquire four Art skills in the language, namely speaking, reading, listening and writing (Kolawole , 1998). 2. The Importance of English The importance of the English language is an open secret . We sees in our society that a little child whom we say the best philosopher is also in the struggle of learning the English language.Besides that we have remained the colony of the British Empire, therefore, we have the natural inclination towards the English language. The importance of the English language is naturally very great. English is the language not only of 606 ISSN 2039? 2117 MediterraneanJournalofSocialSciencesVol3(1)January2012 England but of the extensive dominions and colonies associated in the British Empire, and it is the language of the United States spoken by over 260 million people, it is in the number who speak it the largest of the occidental languages.English speaking people constitute about one tenth of the worlds population English, however, is not the largest language in the world. The more conservative estimates of the population of china would indicate that Ch inese is spoken by about 450 million people. But his numerical ascendence of English among European languages can be seen by a few comparative figures. Russian, next in size to English, is spoken by about one hundred forty millions people, Spanish by 135 millions German by 90 millions, Portuguese by 63 millions, French by 60 millions Italian by 50 millions.Thus at the present time English has the advantage in numbers over al other western languages. Bu the importance of a language is not alone a matter of numbers or territory it depends also on the importance of the people who speak it. The importance of a language is needs associated in the mind of the world with the political role played by the nations using it and their fluency in international affairs with the confidence people feel in financial position and the certainty with which they will meet their obligations i. e. pay their debts to other nations, meet the interest on their bonds, maintain the gold or other basis of the ir business enterprise and the international scope of their commerce with the conditions of life under which the great mass of their people live and with the part played by them in art and literature and music, in science and invention, in exploration and discovery. English is the mother tongue of nations whose combined political influence, economic soundness, commercial activity, social well being and scientific and cultural contributions to civilization give impressive support to its numerical precedence (Albert, 1983).A study was conducted by Sabiha Mansoor of Agha Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan on culture and teaching of English as a second language for Pakistani students in the year 2008. If we have to make, the teaching of English in Pakistan we need to mitigate and restructure the teaching of English in Pakistan, as this study reveals. Not only would this involve an understanding of the needs of the English Students, but also the place of culture both local and global in their language learning process.We would have to take in to account the sociolinguistic aspects of English in the Pakistani as well as the international context while redressing and restructure the English literature course. To make the learning of English interesting and useful for the learners, Pakistani English teachers will have to take cognizance of the relationship between language and culture. If local culture is included in to the curriculum, methodology and teaching materials of TESL, it would make, learning easier and more meaningful for Pakistani students. Vocabulary the most obvious influence of language and culture on thought.The researcher pointed out that presently the material used for teaching, Family background is the most important and most weighty factor in determining the academic performance. A study was conducted by Shafiullah Khan of university of science and technology Bannu on the causes of failure in the subject of English at secondary level in district B annu, in the year, 2007. The major findings of the result related to this field of view of study were given as under 1. Majority of the respondents reported that untrained teachers are one of the causes of students failure in SSC. 2.Majority of the teachers agreed that overcrowded class room is the cause of students failure in English. 3. Majority of respondents approved that SSC students are overcrowded and it is the cause of failure. 4. Majority of the teachers accepted that old system of run is the cause of failure. 5. Majority of the respondents approved that English is the difficult subject. Keeping in view the importance of the problem this study was designed to know the causes of the rising failure in the subject of English. 607 ISSN2039? 2117 MediterraneanJournalofSocialSciences Vol3(1)January2012 . Statement of the Problem The problem under the study was to investigate the causes of rising failure of the students in the subject of English at secondary level. 4. Objectives of the Study Following was the main objective of the study. 1. To find out causes of the rising failure of the students in the subject of English among students at secondary level. 2. To give suggestion for the improvement of the situation. 5. Significance of the Study Education plays a vital role in the progress of any country of the world. Those nations who have equipped themselves with better education enjoy their prestigious status amongst the world.Today is the age of English language. English language is being taught as a compulsory subject in Pakistan. Being a foreign language, the teaching and learning English is a problem not only for the students but also for the teachers too. This study will be significant for the following reasons for both the teachers and students and curriculum developers. 1. The study may be facilitatory in finding the causes of rising failure in English. 2. The study may be helpful for the teachers in lay out to equip themselves with modern method ology and techniques regarding the teaching of English 3.The study may be helpful in developing the proper curriculum for English. 6. Delimitation of the Study The study was delimited to all the male English teachers at secondary level in district Bannu. 7. Research Methodology This research was aimed to find out causes of the rising failure of the students in the subject of English at Secondary Level. This study was descriptive in nature. The following methodology was used 7. 1 Population All the Govt. secondary schools in of district Bannu constituted population of this study. 7. 2 Sample oneness hundred English teachers of secondary level were selected from 50 secondary schools s a sample using simple random sampling technique. 7. 3 Research Instrument A questionnaire was developed with the help of research expert. It was administered to 30 students as pilot run in order to remove any ambiguity in the literary arguments. 608 ISSN2039? 2117 MediterraneanJournalofSocialSciences V ol3(1)January2012 7. 4 Data Collection The questionnaires were personally among the 100 teachers who were randomly selected. The researcher personally remained there in order to remove any misunderstanding in the questionnaire. 7. 5.Analysis of Data The data collected were tabulated, analyzed and interpreted in the light of the objectives of the study. Simple percentage was used for outline of data. 8. Findings 1. 0% teachers are powerfully agree, 0% teachers are agree, 0% teachers are sensibly agree. 39% teachers are differ and 61% teachers are potently differ to the narration that Teachers of English are qualified and well trained. 2. 0% teachers are potently agree, 0% teachers are agree, 0% teachers are fairly agree, 64% teachers are disagree and 36% teachers are powerfully disagree to the statement that Teacher of English teaches English in a proper way. . 45% teachers are strongly agree, 54% teachers are agree, 1% teachers are somewhat agree, 0% teachers are disagree a nd 0% teachers are strongly disagree to the statement that Teacher of English takes his class regularly. 4. 52% teachers are strongly agree, 42% teachers are agree, 2% teachers are somewhat agree, 4% teachers are disagree and 0% teachers are strongly disagree to the statement that Teachers of English explain difficult words in an easy way. 5. 6% teachers are strongly agree, 36% teachers are agree, 10% teachers are somewhat agree, 8% teachers are disagree and 0% teachers are strongly disagree to the statement that Teachers of English comes with full preparation for his lesson. 6. 12% teachers are strongly agree, 11% teachers are agree, 2% teachers are somewhat agree, 29% teachers are disagree and 46% teachers are strongly disagree to the statement that Audio-Visual aids are used in the teaching of English. 7. %5 teachers are trongly agree, 5% teachers are agree, 3% teachers are somewhat agree, 37% teachers are disagree and 50% teachers are strongly disagree to the statement that Syllabus of English is aloofnessy. 8. 3% teachers are strongly agree, 7% teachers are agree , 14% teachers are somewhat agree, 20% teachers are disagree and 66% teachers are strongly disagree to the statement that syllabus of English is difficult. 9. 3% teachers are strongly agree, 6% teachers are agree, 0% teachers are somewhat agree, 40% teachers are disagree and 50% teachers are strongly disagree to the statement that The course is compatible to the present time. 0. 27% teachers are strongly agree, 13% teachers are agree, 5% teachers are somewhat agree, 20% teachers are disagree and 35% teachers are strongly disagree to the statement that There are suitable number of English periods in timetable. 11. 19% teachers are strongly agree, 31% teachers are agree, 20% teachers are somewhat agree, 10% teachers are disagree and 20% teachers are strongly disagree to the statement that The length of time of an English period is suitable. 12. 3% teachers are strongly agree, 34% teachers are agree, 8% teachers are somewhat agree, 10% teachers are strongly agree and 5% teachers are strongly disagree to the statement that Tests are taken regularly in an English class. 609 ISSN2039? 2117 MediterraneanJournalofSocialSciences Vol3(1)January2012 13. 12% teachers are agree, 8% teachers are strongly agree, 0% teachers are somewhat agree, 43% teachers are disagree and 37% teachers are strongly disagree to the statement that teachers of linguistic are present for teaching English. 4. 40 % teachers are strongly agree, 35% teachers are agree, 10% teachers are somewhat agree, 8% teachers are disagree and 7% teachers are strongly disagree to the statement that Head sea captain asks about performance from our teacher. 15. 36% teachers are strongly agree, 28% teachers are agree, 6 % teachers are somewhat agree, 20% teachers are disagree and 10% teachers are strongly disagree to the statement that Head pass over takes interest in our English Lesson. 16. 30% teachers are stron gly gree, 21% teachers are agree, 8% teachers are somewhat agree21% teachers are disagree and 20% teachers are agree to the statement that duration of the period is reasonable. 17. 30% teachers are strongly agree, 37% teachers are agree, 7% teachers are somewhat agree, 20% teachers are disagree and 6% teachers strongly disagree to the statement that Monthly tests are given at school. 18. 38% teachers are strongly agree, 40% teachers are agree, 5% teachers are somewhat agree, 10% teachers are disagree and 10% teachers are disagree to the statement that period of English lesson haves in time. 19. 3% teachers are strongly agree, 33% teachers are agree, 4% teachers are somewhat agree, 10% teachers are disagree and 10% teachers are strongly disagree to the statement that English is given importance in the annual progress of the student in school. 20. 30% teachers are strongly agree, 15% teachers are agree, 30% teachers are somewhat agree, 10% teachers are disagree and 15% teachers s trongly disagree to the statement that The method of setting English paper is correct. 9. Conclusions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Teacher of English are not qualified and well trained. Teachers of English don not teach English in a proper manner.They are teaching through traditional (grammar translation) method. Teachers of English take their classes regularly. Teachers of English come to class with preparation. Audio- Visual aids are not used in English class. The course is not compatible to the present time. Teachers of linguistics are not present in our schools. English is given importance in the annual progress of the students in school. 10. Recommendations 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Qualified and well trained teachers may be appointed for English. Teachers who have command over pronunciation, functional grammar and vocabulary.Teachers of English may use modern teaching method instead of traditional methods. Direct method of teaching English may be used because it is a natural method of teachi ng a language. Audio visual aids may be used such as language lab cassette player, computer and English talking dictionary are very helpful in teaching a language. English course may be made compatible to the present time. Native literature should be included in the curriculum instead of foreign, in order to arouse interest of the students. Teachers may be encouraged to get linguistics knowledge. They may be trained in phonology and phonetics. 10 ISSN2039? 2117 MediterraneanJournalofSocialSciences Vol3(1)January2012 References Aggarwal J. C. 1995. Essentials of Examination System, Vikas Publishing House (pvt) Ltd Bhatti, M. A. 1987. Secondary Education in Pakistan thought Planning. National Education Council, Islamabad. Pakistan. pp. 223242. Brutt- Griffler, J. (2002). Word English. A study of its development. Clevedon, England. Multilingual Matters. Government of Pakistan. 1998. National Education Policy ,Ministry of Education , Islamabad,Pakistan. pp. 45-47. Khan, Shafiullah (200 7).Failure in the Subject of English at SSC Level . A Master Thesis ,University of Science and Technology ,Bannu. Sabiha Mansoor (2008) Culture and teaching of English as a second language for Pakistani students, Agha Khan University Karachi, Pakistan. Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove (2000). Linguistic Genocide in Education or Worldwide Diversity and Human Rights? Mahwah, N. J. Lawrence Erlbaum (also 2008, Delhi Orient Longman). Kolawole (1997). Essentials of Language Learning and Language Teaching. In E. T. O. Bamisaiye (Ed. ). Studies in Language and Linguistics. Ibadan Montem Publishers. Nicholas , H. (1982).A History of Foreign World in English , 48 Governors Street , London , UK. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2005, vol 13. Delhi, India . pp. 12-16. Causes of rising failure of the students in the subject of English (N0=100) Strongly agree =SA, Agree =A, somewhat agree =SWA, Disagree =DA, strongly disagree= SDA SA 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Teacher of English is qualif ied and well trained. Teacher of English teaches English in a proper manner. Teacher of English teaches his class regularly. Teacher of English explains difficult words in an easy way. Teacher of English comes with l preparation for his lesson.Audio-visual aids are used in the teaching of English. Syllabus of English is lengthy. Syllabus English is difficult. The course is compatible to the present time. There is suitable number of English periods in timetable. The time of an English period is suitable. Monthly test are taken regularly in an English class. Teachers of linguistic are present for teaching English. head master asks about our performance from our English teacher The Head master takes interests in our English class duration of the periods is reasonable The 1st quarter, 3rd quarter and annual examination are given in School. he periods begin in time. English is given importance in the annual progress of the students in school. The method of setting the English papers is c orrect. 0% 0% 45% 52% 46% 12% 5% 3% 3% 27% 19% 43% 12% 40% 36% 30% 30% 38% 43% 30% A 0% 0% 54% 42% 36% 11% 5% 7% 6% 13% 31% 34% 8% 35% 28% 21% 37% 40% 33% 15% SWA 0% 0% 1% 2% 10% 2% 3% 14% 0% 5% 20% 8% 0% 10% 6% 8% 7% 5% 4% 30% DA 39% 64% 0% 4% 8% 29% 37% 20% 40% 20% 10% 10% 43% 8% 20% 21% 20% 10% 10% 10% SDA 61% 36% 0% 0% 0% 46% 50% 66% 50% 35% 20% 5% 37% 7% 10% 20% 6% 7% 10% 15% 611

A Brief Look at the Quality of a Translation Essay

Abstract The article is an evaluative subject field on a comment of Faulkners Sanctuary by Farhad Qebraii. To do so the standard norms are got from Blum Kulkas article shifts of cohesion and coherency in interpretation and the take aim of accepted changes by the exposition is considered. The deracination by Qebraii is accepted as a qualified one base on the parts analyzed through the melodic theme. entree Through the go of translation more or less changes occur within the cultivate (Surface Structure) and the intend components (Deep Structure) of the author text. These changes are considered to be inevitable in translation.Due to the differences in the grammatical structures and linguistic features of languages thither search a legitimate reason for such a phenomenon . In 1986, Shoshana Blum-Kulka in her article Shifts of cohesion and coherence in translation went through the changes (shifts as she calls) in translation. She made a comparison between the structure of the source and that of the target language and elaborated on the logical shifts that whitethorn occur through the process of translation. Here, the aim of the evaluation is to assess the property of the translated rendering of the track down Sanctuary by William Faulkner.To do so, the geomorphologic features of both English and Persian language (as SL&TL) should be investigated and based on that and the concept of Blum-Kulkas article assess the quality of translation. According to what Blum-Kulka says in her article, the negotiation of inwardness between different parts of a text is based on the assumption that subsequent turns are related to each new(prenominal) in unyielding ways. This is the covert kindred between the parts, but in that location is an opposite angiotensin-converting enzyme, visible in the surface structure of the text, which is called viscidity.These two elements change through the translation process to naturalize the target text. exclusively somet imes the spunky level of changes brings about some mismatches between TT and ST which pitifuler the quality of translation. The overall purpose of this paper would be detecting these aspects from BlumKulkas view purpose. Whether the translation is qualified or not is somehow a natural matter just because of the unique elements be to translation. From the very beginning, in that respect have been conflicts among those who regard translation as a work of art and those with scientific approaches.There have been too umpteen translations with high level of acceptability and, when checked, no signs of newly arrived norms for translation. These all indicate that in this field there fillm not to exist a categorical legality and what is taken as a qualified translation in artistic viewpoint may lack the quality of a good work in scientific scope. Methodology To evaluate the quality, there would be one by one comparison between the meaningful units of both ST and TT of the work. Thes e all would be done with regard to linguistic features of both English and Persian.To do so, in discussion section of the paper there would be a brief history about the linguistic features ( specially grammatical points) of both languages to clarify some necessary points. To a further study and in a more specific way there would be several exemplifications and for each enough supporting ideas based on Blum-Kulkas article. Finally, the conducted work would lead to an eventual conclusion to found the quality of the work based on the factors mentioned within the paper. Discussion Over a long period of time there have been too many discussions on the notion of translation.Whether it is an art or a science, or maybe a mixture of both has been the fundamental issue of majority of the cases. If the literature is reviewed, there seem to be no clear criterion to clarify the notion of translation. Here, I want to offer my own chthonianstanding of the matter. To the best of my knowledge c ollectable to the fact that when translating we deal with several subjects such as culture, history, scientific issues, linguistic features of languages, and semantic structures of both ST and TT, the translator should have general knowledge of both source and target language.This means that for sure translation is partly a science because the translator is supposed to have a complete knowledge of both languages. But there is a significant point here which deals with artistic aspect of the matter. Imagine there is a peace of poem or other build of literary text which is to be translated. Here the translator is expected to consider both semantic and syntactic structures of the source text along with the un create verbally mavin and emotions of the poem which are to be instilled by the other elements in the structure of the work.If the translator loses the artistic smell of the work through the process of translation the lowest work would be regarded as an ordinary and not exceed ingly qualified work because no special attention has been paid to the extra linguistic features of the work. So to evaluate the translated work of a text some fundamental cornerstones should be regarded. First the translator must determine the text. By this he can tell apart the correct translation method regarding the text structural features. Then and with respect to the method the translator starts the work. today the final work must observe some necessary cornerstones of a qualified translation if the steps and the notions are regarded. In this article the main purpose is to look at the translating elements of the work Sanctuary by William Faulkner with respect to Blum Kulkas article and assess the quality of the translation. To do so first there is a brief look at the structural traits of both Persian and English as two ends of the work and then find some examples from the texts to clarify the notion. At the next step the level of the correctness is evaluated based on Blum Ku lkas article about cohesion and coherence.Finally the work is evaluated according to the factors mentioned through the paper. In English it is usual to find wide motley of complex sentences with highly descriptive adjectives within different sorts of texts, and specially novels. This is while in Persian due to grammatical structure of the sentences there seem not to be such a case and, except for some high literary texts, in majority of the cases there occur more clearly written sentences in a simple form. This significant difference brings about some mismatches through the process of translation.More often than not Persian translators try to relent the complex structures of the long English sentences into more concise and highly clear sentences in their translation. In the work Sanctuary William Faulkner does not use complex sentences and transfers the intentioned wizard by some crystal clear sentences but when checked we can get that Qebraii, the translator, has professionally transferred the original horse sense by making the most guess sentence structures which are really like the source ones. Some examples are made here 1.His face had a queer, bloodless color, as though seen by electric light against the sunny silence, in his slanted straw hat and his slightly akimbo arms, he had that vicious depthless quality of stamped tin. ? . ? . In this part of the translation we can clearly find out that the translator has tried his best not to miss the original surface structure of the sentence by adjacent the form of the English version in Persian structure.He has done this in a very precise and accurate way and there seem to be only a nuance of difference in the translation version of the work. But it seems that Mr Qebraii has devoted the sense for the surface structure of the work where he misses some pieces of messages in his translations. Look at the part His face had a queer, bloodless color here the translator ke eps the original structure remained in the translation but the sense is not transferred thoroughly. Bloodless is translated as ? which seems not to be an accurate equivalence.It was better to use more artistic phrase instead of this passionless correspondence. Here Mr Qebraii has paid too much attention to the structure rather than the message and the sense. Or sunny silence is rendered as ? the same story happens here. 2. The other mans coat was still across his ar. He lifted his other hand toward the coat, out of one pocket of which protruded a crushed mat up hat, from the other a book. ? . . ? The grammatical structure of the source text is remained untouched through the process of translation. We have the most approximate structure in the translated version along with clear understanding of the sentence in which there is the same message as the original. This indicates that the translator has been successful in transferring both the structur e and the sense of the source text. At the last part of the sentence we see the phrase a book which appropriately is transferred into Persian with the exact surface structure and sense and also the form of the sentence is kept untouched.In above mentioned examples we can draw the conclusion that with regard to the structural differences between Persian and English and the form of the sentences in these two languages the translator has been so successful in keeping the form of the sentences identical in both versions, the original and the Persian translation of the work. Now we refer to Blum Kulkas article. According to what she suggests in her article, in a text there are two significant notions cohesion and coherence by name. Cohesion is an overt relationship holding between parts of the text, expressed by language specific markers. ropiness, on the other hand, means a covert authority meaning relationship among parts of a text, made overt by listener or reader through the process of interpretation. On the both levels there exist differences between the languages. When a text is translated from one language into another the level of text coherence or cohesion is changed based on the structural features of the target language.These changes are considered to be logical to some extent. But if the level of shifts are too much the translation would be classified as an understandard translation and the quality would be in a low level. Through the following part the shift in Cohesion and the Coherence of the texts depart be detected. Coherence As pointed out by Hallyday and Hasan (1976) cohesion ties do much more than provide continuity and thus create the semantic unity of the text. Particularly in literature, the choice of cohesive markers can serve several functions in the text. Accordingly the translator is supposed to observe the accepted level of shifts through his translation which is due to language differences.To some extent the shifts in cohesion is acce ptable but if the changes are too much the translation would be of low quality. In this point of the paper we want to take a look at the coherence of the sentences of the work Sanctuary and that of its translation ? by Farhad Qebraii. As mentioned earlier, coherence is not a clear notion and does not have a visible marker in the text. Any audience or reader allow get the semantic relationship between the text components through some sorts of interpretations.We all know that any component in the text has a relationship with the other components and they all get together to transfer a unified message. Now if the subcategorized elements in the texts are changed due to translation process there may emerge a mismatch between the source and the target text. These changes may occur due to cultural, historic, or lingual differences in languages. In sanctuary there seem to be no cultural factors which cannot be translated into Persian and Qebraii has transferred somehow the all message com pletely into Persian.So we can say that this translation is highly qualified from the coherence point of view. Cohesion On the level of cohesion, shifts will occur through the translation in a way that the translation seems to be more explicit than the original work and this is common in almost all the cases. But for a translation to be of high level of quality the translator should try his best to keep the unwritten messages and covert factors untouched and do not use too much terminology to express the meaning explicitly. In the work Sanctuary the author has made concise sentences to bring about succinctness and beauty in his text.We see that the translator has kept this factor remained in the target text. As an example, Qebraii has translated the part The other man stopped his hand. its a book to ?. ) . ( Here we see that Qebraii has not made the translation more explicit rather he has shorten the length of the Persian sentence with regard to the message not be lost through th e translation process. Of course in the above example there is a shift in the form of the sentence from active to passive which has exacerbate the quality of the translation because the meaning is not transferred appropriately.But altogether the sentences are formed in a way that they are similar to the original one. The crux of the matter is that no one can certainly put the label of good or bad translation to any work and it goes without saying that evaluation of translations is a subjective act. But based on the detections it seems that most of the translation criteria are observed in this case and farhad Qebraii has kept the structure and the message along with each other almost through the whole part of the work. Thus his work is ranked among the highly qualified translations even if there are some translation mismatches in his translation.Implications and Applications The crux of the matter is that, no progression is made when no evaluative research is conducted. Any developed phenomenon has its progressive background through which there has occurred mixture of investigations. When checked and have a spectrum of works under control through the time, the deficiencies will be singled out and reformed. No one can claim that his work has been in its recent high position from the very beginning. Hence, there is a none written role of thumb necessitating us to discuss any work and come up with constructive comments on it .To cover what is said the translation of the Sanctuary will be worked on and any weak and strong point will be mentioned through the main paper. It is hoped that such an assessment would influence the translators and make them try their best to create highly acceptable works and we see a developmental process in this field. References Khazaeefar, A. (1388). A textbook of literary Translation. Tehran Samt Publication Newmark, P. (1988). A Textbook of Translation. Prentice Hall Blum-Kulka, Sh. Shifts of Cohesion and Coherence in Translation.

The Hunters: Phantom Chapter 6

The next morning was clear and hot again, another beautiful summer day. Elena stretched lazily in her comfy bed, then pul ed on a T-shirt and shorts and padded down to the kitchen for a roller of cereal.Aunt Judith was braiding Margarets hair at the table.Morning, Elena said, pouring milk into her bowl.Hi, sleepyhead, said Aunt Judith, and Margaret gave her a big smile and a riffle-wiggling wave. Keep stil , Margaret. Were close to to leave for the market, she told Elena. What are you doing today?Elena swal owed her m awayhful of cereal. Were waiver to pick up Alaric and his friend at the train station and in effect(p) hang out and catch up, she said.Who? Aunt Judith asked, her eyes narrowing. Elenas header spun. Oh, uh, you remember, he subbed for Mr. chromatic teaching history operate year, she said, wondering if that was in fact true in this world. Aunt Judith frowned. Isnt he a little old to be socialization with high school misfires?Elena rol ed her eyes. Were not in h igh school anymore, Aunt Judith. And hes only closely six years older than us. And its not just girls. prostrate and Stefan are coming, too.If this was Aunt Judiths reaction to the news of their spending time with Alaric, Elena could tel why Meredith was hesitant to tel people about their relationship. It made sense to wait a couple of years, until people thought of her as a grown-up. Since no unrivalled here knew al that Meredith had seen and done, she seemed like any other eighteenyear-old to them. Its a good affaire Aunt Judith doesnt know Stefans five hundred years older than I am, Elena thought with a secret smirk. She thinks Alarics too old.The doorbel rang.Thats Matt and everybody, Elena said, rising to put her bowl in the sink. See you hombres tonight.Margaret large-mindedned her eyes at Elena in silent appeal, and Elena detoured on her way to the door to squeeze the little girls shoulder. Was Margaret stil worried Elena wouldnt come back? come on in the foyer, she ran her fingers done her hair before opening the door.Standing in front of her was not Stefan, though, only if a perfect stranger. A real y good- repulse a lineing stranger, Elena noted automatical y, a boy about her age with curly golden hair, sculpted features, and bright blue eyes. He was holding a difficult red rise in one hand.Elena stood a little straighter, unconsciously pul ing her shoulders back and pushing her hair behind her ears. She adored Stefan, notwithstanding that didnt mean she couldnt figure at other boys, or talk to them. She wasnt dead, after al . Not anymore, she thought, smiling at her private joke. The boy smiled back. Hey, Elena, he said cheerful y.Caleb Smal woodwind instrument Aunt Judith said, coming into the hal . There you areElena felt herself recoil, but she kept the smile on her face. Any relation to Tyler? she said, outwardly calm, and ran her eyes over him, nerve-wracking to be subtle, checking for for what? For signs of his being a werewolf? She realized she didnt even know what those would be. Tylers good looks had always had a flavor of an animal about them, with his large fresh teeth and broad features, but had that been a coincidence?Tylers my cousin, Caleb answered, his smile beginning to turn to a quizzical frown. I thought you knew that, Elena. Im staying with his folks while Tylers gone.Elenas mind raced. Tyler Smal wood had run away after Elena, Stefan, and Damon had defeated his al y, the evil vampire Klaus. Tyler had left his girlfriend and sometimes hostage Caroline pregnant. Elena hadnt discussed Tyler and Carolines fate with the Guardians, so she had no idea what had happened with them in this reality. Was Tyler even a werewolf now? Was Caroline pregnant? And if she was, was it with werewolf or human babies? She shook her head slightly. gallant new world, indeed.Wel , dont leave Caleb out on the porch. Let him in,Aunt Judith instructed from behind her. Elena stood aside, and Caleb moved past her into t he hal .Elena tried to reach out with her mind and sense Calebs aura, to remove him to see if he was dangerous, but once again came up against that brick wal . It would take some time to get used to being a normal girl again, and suddenly Elena felt horribly vulnerable.Caleb shifted from foot to foot, looking uncomfortable, and she quickly composed herself. How long shake you been in town? she asked, and then kicked herself for treating this boy she obviously was suppositious to know like a stranger again.Wel , he said slowly, Ive been in town al summer. Did you hit your head over the weekend, Elena? He grinned teasingly at her.Elena lifted a shoulder, thinking of al she had suffered over the weekend. Something like that.He held out the rose. This essential be for you.Thank you, said Elena, confused. A thorn mongreled her finger as she took it by the stem, and she stuck the finger in her mouth to stanch the blood.Dont thank me, he said. It was just sitting on the front steps w hen I got here. You must have a secret admirer.Elena frowned. Plenty of boys had admired her through with(predicate) school, and if this had been nine months ago, she could have made a good guess at who would leave her a rose. But now she didnt have a clue.Matts battered old Ford sedan pul ed up outside and honked. Ive got to run, Aunt Judith, she said. Theyre here. Nice seeing you, Caleb.Elenas brave twisted as she walked toward Matts car. It wasnt just the strangeness of meeting Caleb that was affecting her, she realized, turning the roses stem absently between her fingers. It was the car itself. Matts old Ford was the car she had control off Wickery Bridge back in the winter, panicked and pursued by evil forces. Shed died in this car. The windows had shattered as she hit the creek, and the car had fil ed with pivotal water. The scratched steering wheel and the dented hood of the car, covered with water, had been the last things shed seen in that life.But here the car was as whole again as she was. thrust the memory of her death from her mind, she waved at sightly, whose eager face was visible through the passenger window. She could forget about al those old tragedies, because now they had never happened. Meredith perched elegantly on the swing on her front porch, pushing herself gently back and forth with one foot. Her strong, tapered fingers were stil her dark hair fel smoothly across her shoulders her face was as serene as ever.There was nothing about Meredith that might show how tensely and busily her thoughts were churning, worries and contingency plans whirring away behind her chill facade. She had spent yesterday trying to figure out what the Guardians spel had changed for her and her family particularly her brother, Christian, who Klaus had kidnapped over a decade ago. She stil didnt understand it al , but it was dawning on her that Elenas heap had more far- stretchability consequences than any of them had imagined.But today her thoughts w ere occupied with Alaric Saltzman.Her fingers tapped anxiously against the arm of the swing. Then she schooled herself into stil ness again. Self-discipline was where Meredith found her strength, and if Alaric, her boyfriend or at least, he had been her boyfriend actual y her perhaps engaged-to-be-engaged, sort of almost fiance, before he left town turned out to have changed toward her in the months theyd been apart, wel , no one, not even Alaric, would see how that would hurt her.Alaric had spent the past several months in Japan, investigating paranormal activity, a dream come true for a doctoral student in parapsychology. His study of the tragic history of Unmei no Shima, the Island of Doom, a smal community where children and parents had turned against one another, had helped Meredith and her friends to understand what the kitsune were doing to Fel s Church, and how to fight it.Alaric had been operative at Unmei no Shima with Dr. Celia Connor, a forensic pathologist who, disr espect her ful academic credentials, was the same age as Alaric, only twenty-four. So, clearly, Dr. Connor was bril iant. From his letters and emails, Alaric had been having the time of his life in Japan. And hed certainly found a lot of interests in common with Dr. Connor. Perhaps more so than with Meredith, who had only just graduated from a smal -town high school, no matter how mature and intel igent she might be.Meredith gave herself a mental shake and sat up straighter. She was being ridiculous, worrying about Alarics relationship with his col eague. She was pretty certain(predicate) she was being ridiculous, anyway. Fairly sure. She gripped the arms of the swing more tightly. She was a vampire hunter. She had a duty to protect her town, and she had, with her friends, protected it wel already. She wasnt just an ordinary teenager, and if she needed to screen that to Alaric again, she was confident she could, Dr. Celia Connor or no Dr. Celia Connor.Matts rattletrap of an old Fo rd sedan chugged up to the curb, mediocre in front with Matt, Stefan and Elena sitting close together in the back. Meredith rose and crossed the lawn toward it.Is everything okay? said Bonnie, round eyed, when she opened the door. Your face looks like youre heading off to battle.Meredith smoothed her features into impassivity and scrambled for an explanation that wasnt, Im worried about whether my boyfriend still likes me. Quickly and easily, she realized there was another reason she was tense, a true one. Bonnie, I have a duty to help look out for everyone now,Meredith said simply. Damons dead. Stefan doesnt want to hurt humans, and that handicaps him. Elenas Powers are gone. Even though the kitsune were defeated, we stil need protection. Wel always need to be careful.Stefan tightened his arm around Elenas shoulders. The things that make Fel s Church so appealing to the supernatural, the ley lines that have attracted al kinds of beings here for generations, are al stil here. I can sense them. And other people, other creatures, wil sense them, too.Bonnies translator rose in alarm. So its al going to happen again?Stefan rubbed the bridge of his nose. I dont think so. But something else might. Merediths right, we have to be vigilant. He dropped a kiss onto Elenas shoulder and rested his cheek against her hair. There was no question, Meredith thought wryly, why this particular supernatural being was drawn to Fel s Church, anyway, and it wasnt because of the ley lines running through the area. Elena toyed with a single dark red rose, something Stefan must have brought her. Is that the only reason youre worried, Meredith? she asked lightly. Your duty to Fel s Church?Meredith felt herself flush a little, but her voice was dry and calm. I think thats reason enough, dont you?Elena grinned. Oh, its reason enough, I suppose. But could there be another one? She winked at Bonnie, whose anxious chemical formula lightened in response. Who do we know who wil be fascinated by al the tales you have to tel ?Especially when he come upons out that the storys not over yet?Bonnie turned al the way around in her seat, her smile growing. Oh. Oh. I see. He wont be able to think of anything else, wil he? Or anyone else.Now Stefans shoulders relaxed, and up in the drivers seat Matt let out a chuckle and shook his head. You three,he said affectionately. Us guys never stood a chance.Meredith looked straight frontwards and lifted her chin slightly, ignoring them al . Elena and Bonnie knew her too wel , and the three of them had spent enough time scheming together that she should have known theyd see through her plan in a minute. But she didnt have to admit to it.The solemn mood in the car had lifted, though. Meredith realized they were al doing it on purpose, reaching out gently and careful y with jokes and lighthearted teasing, trying to ease the pain Elena and Stefan must both be feeling.Damon was dead. And while Meredith had developed a cautious, wary venera te for the unpredictable vampire during their time in the Dark Dimension, and Bonnie had felt, Meredith thought, something warmer, Elena had loved him. Real y loved him. And even though Damon and Stefans relationship had been rocky, to say the least, for centuries, he had been Stefans brother. Stefan and Elena were hurting, and everyone knew it.After a minute, Matts eyes flicked up to the rearview mirror to glance at Stefan. Hey, he said, I forgot to tel you. In this reality you didnt disappear on Hal oween you stayed the starting wide receiver and we took the footbal team al the way to the province championships. He grinned, and Stefans face opened in simple pleasure. Meredith had almost forgotten that Stefan had played with Matt on their high school footbal team before their history teacher, Mr. Tanner, died at the Hal oween haunted house and everything went to hel . She had forgotten he and Matt had been real friends, playing sports and hanging out, despite the fact that theyd both loved Elena. And maybe still do both love Elena? she wondered, and glanced quickly at the back of Matts head from under her eyelashes. She wasnt sure how Matt felt, but he had always struck her as the kind of guy who, when he fel in love, stayed in love. But he was also the kind of guy who would always be too honorable to try to break up a relationship, no matter what he felt.And, Matt went on, as the quarterback of the state champions, I guess Im a pretty good prospect for col eges. He paused and broke out in a wide, proud smile.Apparently, I have a ful athletic scholarship to Kent State.Bonnie squealed, Elena clapped, and Meredith and Stefan burst out with congratulations.Me, me now Bonnie said. I guess I studied harder in this reality. Which was probably easier, since one of my best friends didnt die first semester and was available to help tutor me.Hey Elena said. Meredith was always a better tutor than me. You cant blame it on me.Anyway, Bonnie continued, I got into a four -year col ege I didnt even bother to apply to any in our other life because my GPA was not high. I was going to take nurse classes at the community col ege like Mary did, even though Im not sure Im real y cut out to be a nurse because, yuck, blood and other fluids. But, anyway, my mom was saying this morning that we should go shopping for my room at Dalcrest before Labor Day. She shrugged a little.I mean, I know its not Harvard, but Im pretty excited.Meredith joined in the congratulations quietly. She had, in fact, gotten into Harvard.Ooh. And And Bonnie was bouncing in her seat with excitement. I ran into Vickie Bennett this morning. Shes definitely not dead I think she was surprised when I hugged her. I forgot we werent real y friends.How is she? asked Elena interestedly. Did she remember anything?Bonnie tilted her head. She seems fine. I couldnt exactly ask her what she remembered, but she didnt say anything about being dead or vampires or anything. I mean, she was always a litt le bit blah, you know? She did tel me she saw you downtown last weekend and you told her what color lip gloss she ought to buy.Elena raised her eyebrows. Real y? She paused and went on uncertainly, Is anybody else feeling weird about al of this? I mean, its wonderful dont get me wrong. But its weird, too.Its confusing, Bonnie said. Im grateful, obviously, that al the horrible things are gone and everybodys okay. Im thril ed to have my life back. But my father blew up at me this morning when I asked where Mary was. Mary was one of Bonnies older sisters, the last one living at home besides Bonnie. He thought I was trying to be funny. Apparently she moved in with her boyfriend three months ago, and you can imagine how my dad feels about that.Meredith nodded. Bonnies dad was the protective paternal type, and pretty old-fashioned in his attitudes toward his daughters boyfriends. If Mary was living with her boyfriend, he must be apoplectic.Aunt Judith and I have been fighting at least, I think so. But I cant find out exactly why, Elena confessed. I cant ask, because obviously I should already know.Shouldnt everything be perfect now? Bonnie said wistful y. It seems like weve been through enough.I dont mind being confused, as long as we can go back to real life, Matt said earnestly.There was a little pause, which Meredith broke, reaching for something to take them out of their somber thoughts.Pretty rose, Elena, she said. Is that a gift from Stefan?No, actual y, Elena said. It was sitting on my front stoop this morning. She twirled it between her fingers. Its not from any of the gardens on our street, though. No one has such beautiful roses. She smiled teasingly at Stefan, who tensed up once more. Its a mystery.Must be from a secret admirer, Bonnie said. Can I see?Elena handed it up to the front seat, and Bonnie turned the stem around careful y in her hand, looking at the blossom from al angles. Its gorgeous, she said. A single, perfect rose. How romantic She preten ded to swoon, lifting the rose to her forehead. Then she flinched.Ouch OuchBlood ran down her hand. Much more blood than ought to come from the prick of a thorn, Meredith noted, already reaching into her pocket for a tissue. Matt pul ed off the road.Bonnie he began.Stefan breathed in sharply and leaned forward, his eyes widening. Meredith forgot about the tissue, fearing the sudden sight of blood had caused Stefans vampiric nature to take over.Then Matt gasped and Elena said sharply, A camera, quick Someone give me your phone with such a tone of command that Meredith automatical y handed Elena her phone.As Elena pointed the camera phone at Bonnie, Meredith final y saw what had startled the others.The dark red blood was running down Bonnies arm, and as it ran, it had streamed into twists and curves from her wrist to her elbow. The trickles of blood spel ed out a name over and over. The same name that had been haunting Meredith for months.

Accents Speak Louder Than Speech

Accents Speak louder than Speech What is an accent? An accent is the way you announce rallying crys. Everyone has an accent. It is insoluble to intercommunicate without one. You might consider yourself and others not to exclusively you do. Usually you get your accent from how, where and when you grew up, and not everyone has the same accent as the nation who live around them. It might change without you noticing from new life experiences. Why do places develop different accents? The main reason for this is human nature. Usually we rush an accent, which is roughly the same as the people we live with, because we want to fit in.That is how you learn speech by picking up the way people try each letter. If a group separates into two groups, ie. If half move to Island A and the other half to Island B, and they are kept isolated for centuries, the pronunciation will be so different that you could almost say they were speaking different languages. This is what happened an interminabl e amount of time ago. People had no contact with people who lived far out because there were no phones, no radio, and the only travel was by foot.Another reason is that in the places that other countries invaded such as where the Vikings settled. People were influenced by the way they pronounced the vowels, and that is how the accent adapted. In Lancashire there is a theory that when people used to work in very big noisy cotton mills they had to speak in very loud, high pitched, shrilly voices to be heard and they got used to this and influenced the people around them. There used to be a negative science of regional accents and RP was favoured, now BBC is positively discriminating in favour of regional accents.British town centres which used to be very different are becoming uniform, but what distinguishes them, are the accents and dialects. Also London is now a big influence to accents in England, because people are commuting in and out every daylight for work, so accents are di sappearing in places such as Oxford, Surrey and Sussex. U and Non-U U stands for upper class and non-u stands for middle class. Us used a looking glass quite a than a mirror, wore spectacles or else than glasses, were richer rather than wealthy.Anyone who was not U for example people who talked about serviettes rather than napkins, would betray themselves as in a Us view, not one of us. Toilet was actually a very smart word for Edwardians, then the servants picked it up and used it and it went out of fashion. Being marked as u or non-u is not only about your vocabulary but also about the way you pronounce things, an accent. For example butter is orf rather than off. Also you would say that you have a very nice hice rather than home. Today people say that a gentleman never pushes a trolley at a supermarket but uses a basket.He never eats mingled with meals, which are breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Received Pronunciation RP is the shortened name for Received Pronunciation. It is reg ionally described as the regional neutral accent. It is widely used as a reference point in dictionaries and as a model for teaching English as a foreign language. The meaning of Received traditionally was that which is more often than not accepted or that accepted by the best society. When people say that someone hasnt got an accent it is usually referring to RP.

How Muslim practises reflect Islamic teaching on the role and status of women Essay

Explain how Muslim practises reflect Moslem breeding on the role and status of wo handsIslamic teaching and theories ar such so that they can be applied to modern life. Islam recognizes the fact that men are generally physically stronger than women, but does not place men above women. They are accustomed different skills to do so women are given the duty of providing food for the hungry, refuge for the weary, hospitality for the guest, still for the distressed, peace for the troubled, hope for the insecure and encouragement for the weak. They are expected to cook for the family, clean and give love to her economize. This sounds all very one sided, however sum in Islam is a team effort- the husband has his expectations and requirements to. Islam treats women as equals to men and that their role is as important as men.The rights of a woman are sacred reckon that women are maintained in the rights assigned to them HadithA Muslim woman has the right to stay a virgin, unmolested b y anyone. She has the right to be looked after when in pain. She does not have to fast during Ramadan, because she is going through so much pain, therefore she must be treated with respect. It is a privilege given to women because Islam recognizes the crucial role they play in life. Since they are burdened with the responsibility of up defying the home and bringing up the children, she is not expected to work or actualise money.Allah says in Quran, surah 2, verse 228, and women shall have the rights similar to the rights against them, according to what is equitableA man came to Prophet Muhammad asking, O Messenger of Allah, who among the people is the most worthy of my well companionship? The Prophet said, Your mother. The man said, Then, who is following? The Prophet said, Your mother. The man said, Then, who is next? The Prophet said, Your mother. The man further asked, Then who is next? Only then did the Prophet say, Your father.This shows the importance that Islam gives to wo men.Islamic teaching about modesty states that men and women, but especially women, should cover themselves up and present themselves modestly so that men do not stare at them. This is not compulsory however, but most women choose to do it anyway. This shows that women do not smell out that they are treated inferior to men and being forced to wear it. Instead of totally covering themselves up completely in some countries, they unspoilt dress modestly by covering their heads or wearing a scarf. They never wear anything tight.Modesty and faith are joined closely together if either of them is lost, the other goes also. Every religion has a special character the characteristic of Islam is modesty HadithThis is an example of how Islamic teaching about women is applied in every day life. Men also have to dress modestly. Women do not have to go to the mosque, but instead pray at home. This reflects the teaching about women having to bring up the household. Since this is their duty, they are allowed to pray at home. Because women are not seen as objects, but as equals to men they are given a dowry from the husband when they get married. This is to show that the woman is not just an object to fulfil any sexual desires, or work for him, but that she is a human being. A man being allowed to have more than one wife is not just a benefit to the man.The woman chooses whether or not she wants to marry a man with a wife already, or if the man she is marrying is allowed to have more than one wife after her. It is entirely her choice. By allowing her husband to have more than one wife she will benefit by the fact that there will be someone else to help her bring up the children and to bring up the household. The man is allowed to have more than one wife, but the woman decides it in the end. In Islam, the woman can have any melody she pleases, since they are equals. If a woman chooses to work, it is entirely her choice but she does not have to.The husband should treat the wi fe with respect and not propose her for granted. He should not think of her a servant and that she must make his dinner. She doesnt but she probably does because marriage in Islam is give and take. He should consult her when fashioning decisions, because women are just as important and clever as men. So Muslim couples discuss things and work things out together and do not take each other for granted.Women have as much of a right to pray in a mosque as a man, since everyone is equal.All people are equalas the teeth of a comb. No Arab can claim merit over a non-Arab, nor a white over a relentless person, nor a male over a female HadithWhat happens is that the men pray at the front, while the women pray at the back behind a tag or curtain. The reason for the men being at the front is not that men are superior, but to prevent any flirtatious thoughts by the men and help them focus on Allah rather than the opposite sex.There are many rules concerning women, and these have been incorp orated into modern life so that they still hold true to the rule.

The Fluidity of War

fight is an organized and often prolonged departure that is carried divulge by states or non-state actors. It is generally characterised by extreme violence, social disruption, and economic destruction. War should be downstairsstood as an actual, knowing and widespread armed conflict between policy-making communities, and therefore is defined as a take a shit of political violence or intervention. The set of techniques used by a group to carry out state of struggle is known as state of war. An absence of war is usually called peace. In 2003, Nobel Laureate Richard E.Smalley identified war as the sixth biggest problem facing human raceity for the next fifty years. In the 1832 treatise On War, Prussian military general and theoretician Carl von Clausewitz defined war as follows War is thus an act of hurtle to compel our enemy to do our will. While roughly scholars see warfare as an inescapable and inherent aspect of human nature, new(prenominal)s argue that it is only inevitable under certain socio-cultural or ecological circumstances. round scholars argue that the practice of war is not linked to any single type of political counterfeitation or society.Rather, as discussed by John Keegan in his History of Warfare, war is a universal phenomenon whose form and scope is defined by the society that wages it. Another argument suggests that since there are human societies in which warfare does not exist, humans whitethorn not be naturally disposed for warfare, which emerges under particular circumstances. The deadliest war in score, in terms of the cumulative number of deaths since its start, is the Second cosmos War, with 6085 million deaths.Proportionally speaking, the most destructive war in modern history has been claimed to be the War of the Triple Alliance, which took the lives of over 60% of Paraguays population. Etymology The English give voice war derives from the late middle-aged English oral communication wyrre and werre the Old Nort h French werre the Frankish werra and the Proto-Germanic werso. The denotation of war derives from the Old Saxon werran, Old utmost German werran, and the German verwirren to confuse, to perplex, and to bring into confusion.Another posited derivation is from the Ancient Greek barbaros, the Old Persian varhara, and the Sanskrit varvar and barbara. In German, the equivalent is Krieg the equivalent Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian words for war is guerra, derived from the Germanic werra . Etymologic legend has it that the Romanic peoples choose a foreign, Germanic word for war, to avoid using the Latin bellum, because, when sounded, it tended to merge with the sound of the word bello .The scholarly study of war is sometimes called polemology, from the Greek polemos, meaning war, and -logy, meaning the study of. Types of war War, to become known as one, must entail some degree of confrontation using weapons and other military engineering and equipment by armed forces employing militar y tactics and operational art within the considerable military strategy subject to military logistics. War Studies by military theorists throughout military history have sought to identify the philosophy of war, and to pare it to a military science.Modern military science considers several(prenominal) factors before a national defence policy is created to allow a war to commence the surround in the area of chip operations, the posture national forces will adopt on the commencement of a war, and the type of warfare troops will be engaged in. Conventional warfare is an attempt to reduce an opponents military capability through open battle. It is a declared war between existing states in which nuclear, biological, or chemical weapons are not used or only see limited deployment in support of conventional military goals and maneuvers.The opposite of conventional warfare, unconventional warfare, is an attempt to achieve military achievement through acquiescence, capitulation, or cland estine support for one side of an existing conflict. Nuclear warfare is warfare in which nuclear weapons are the primary, or a major, method of coercing the capitulation of the other side, as fence to a supporting tactical or strategic role in a conventional conflict. obliging war is a war where the forces in conflict belong to the same nation or political entity and are vying for control of or independence from that nation or political entity.Asymmetric warfare is a conflict between two populations of drastically different levels of military capability or size. Asymmetric conflicts often allow in guerrilla tactics being used to overcome the sometimes vast gaps in technology and force size. Intentional air pollution in combat is one of a collection of techniques collectively called chemical warfare. Poison gas as a chemical weapon was principally used during World War I, and resulted in an estimated 91,198 deaths and 1,205,655 injuries. Various treaties have sought to ban its fu rther use. Non-lethal chemical weapons, such as tear gas and pepperspray, are widely used, sometimes with deadly effect.Behaviour and conduct in war The behaviour of troops in warfare varies considerably, both individually and as units or armies. In some circumstances, troops may engage in genocide, war rape and ethnic cleansing. Commonly, however, the conduct of troops may be limited to posturing and sham attacks, leading to highly rule-bound and often largely symbolic combat in which casualties are much reduced from that which would be expected if soldiers were genuinely violent towards the enemy. Situations of deliberate moistening of hostilities occurred in World War I by some accounts, e.

Shui Fabrics Question 1 Ans

economical factors implicate economic growth, post rates, exchange rates and theinflation rate. These factors have major impacts on how linees operate and makedecisions. For example, interest rates affect a firms cost of capital and therefore to what tip a business grows and expands. Exchange rates affect the costs of exporting goods and supply and price of imported goods in an economy. There atomic number 18 economic differences that influence the relationship between the partners at Shui Fabrics.Chiu Wai, operated Shanghai Fabrics LTC located in China, before it became a joint venture with Rocky River Industries in the United States. When the companies became a venture, Chiu Wai became the Deputy popular coach for Shui Fabrics in China and venturing company Rocky River Industries located in US. shot Betzell who is the General Manager for Shui Fabrics came to China from Rocky River Industries. Many companies who do business in others countries and cultures fail miserably.Ma nagers must do their homework and learn the business ethic and culture lifestyles before even confacering venturing into markets in different counties. To me it seems like neither of the managers did their homework and ar having problems maintaining the economic factors that influence their company. A developing area is a non-industrialized poor country that is seeking to develop its resources by industrialization. A developed country is a country that has a uplifted level of development according to some criteria such(prenominal) as in watch over per capita and industrialization.Political-Legal factors include discrimination, consumer, antitrust, trade, and health and safety law. They in any case include how and to what degree a g everyplacenment intervenes in the economy. Specifically, political factors include areas such as assess policy, labor law, environmental law, trade restriction tariffs, and political stability. These factors can affect how a company operates, its co sts, and the contract for its products. Political factors may also include goods and serves which the government wants to provide or be provided and those that the government does now want to be provided.Further more than, governments have great influence on the health, education, and infrastructure of a nation. Political officials are going to be a big part of the team because they have strong influence on economic life in China. Ray must reach out to them and understand their goals. Success impart depend on the personal involvement of top executives. The partners differ dramatically in terms of what constitutes an unobjectionable financial return. Chiu Wai is happy with achieving a 5% to 6% remuneration and believes he is viewed as a topical anaesthetic hero.Upon achieving his goal he feels that he has done a good job for his country morally and for their side of enterprise by creating jobs for close to 3,000 great deal. He wants to grow the scope of Shui Fabrics and establ ish a national brand. Ray Betzell wants a 20% ROI and will only consider growth if it improves profitability, has no interest in creating employment unless it improves the bottom line, is considering maybe having to layoff employees to improve bottom line. He wants to improve quality, and sees no benefit to creating a Chinese brand because it views China as a low-cost manufacturing platform rather than a market.Social factors include the cultural aspects and include health consciousness, populations growth rate, age distribution, career attitudes and emphasis on safely. Trends in amicable factors affect the demand for a companys products and how the company operates. With this being said, Ray needs to extend outside his personal comfort zone as a manager. There seems to be a privation of clear, shared strategy between the two partners. When the company started 10 years ago, Rocky River has launched Shui Fabrics, a 50/50 joint venture between the U. S. extile manufacture and the Chinese company, to produce dye, and coat fabric for trade to both Chinese and international sportswear manufacturers. Intent seemed clear in beginning after many a(prenominal) obstacles, considerable red tape and several money losing years the joint venture was fulfilling China expectations and those of local government and party officials. It seems there was once a clear strategy that has been forgotten over the phase of ten years. Another social factor that is different between the partners would be that a profit over 20% return on investment may be perceived as Western exploitation.When it comes to doing business in China, respect for mints feelings is paramount this sensitivity that needs to be vexn in respect to peoples face. Face a cliche, is the currency of advancement. Its like a social bank account. You spend it and you save it and you invest. And when you take away somebodys face you take way someones fundamental sense of security. Because of Chinas history of exp loitation by foreign countries who colonized China or raided China for business purposes, particularly in the business sphere, Chinese do not want to be seen culturally as having been had by Western usinesspeople. (http//www. nytimes. com/2010/12/14/business/global/14iht-busnav14. html)Chiu Wai is pleased with the way the company is operating and feels that Shui is generating just the right level of profit especially because many U. S. -Chinese joint ventures are still operating in red tape. He sees no reason why Rays American bosses shouldnt be more than satisfied with their 5% annual return on investment. This tells me that Chiu is unclear of his companys strategic goals. Without a clear strategy it is impossible to choose right structure and extent of cooperation with a foreign partner.Unfortunately Chiu Wai attitude at Shui Fabrics jeopardizes the success of joint venture investment. As you can see the partners dont share the selfsame(prenominal) vision or philosophy at Shui Fa brics, the joint venture within China and the U. S. The disparity in viewpoints can dramatically hamper performance. In order for them to make the company succeed they need to come up with a clear, shared strategy that they both can agree and understand. Power Distance is the extent to which a community accepts and endorses authority, power differences and status privileges.In China, social relationships are formal, hierarchical. People mostcomfortable in the carriage of a hierarchy in which they know their position andthe customs/rules for behavior in the situation. The Americans social relationships are informal, egalitarian. People mostcomfortable with their social equals importance of social rankings minimized. 2. Uncertainty avoidance is the extent to which a society, organization, or conclave relies onsocial norms, rules, and procedures to alleviate the unpredictability of future events. In China, obligation relationships with other people involve reciprocalobligations.In A merican, obligation people avoid interdependent relationships andsituations that might entail long term obligations. 3. personal identity and collectivism Individualism stands for a society in which the ties between individuals are loose and everyone is expected to look after him/herself and hisor her neighboring(a) family only. Collectivism stands for society in which people from birthonwards are integrated into strong cohesive in-groups, which throughout peopleslifetime continue to protect them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty. The Chinese are collectivist because they place higher(prenominal) value on groupcooperation and individual modesty.The Americans are individualism because they place higher value on self-reliance. Self-promotion is more accepted. High value on freedom from externallyimposed constraints. 4. Masculinity/femininity indicates the extent to which dominant values in a society tendto be assertive and look more interested in things than in concerning for pe ople and thequality of life. The Chinese are relationship-oriented maintaining a harmonious relationshiphas priority over accomplishing tasks. Americans have task-oriented relationships that are less burning(prenominal) than gettingthe work done. 5.Assertiveness is the degree to which individuals are assertive, confrontational, andaggressive in their relationships with others. The Chinese avoid direct confrontation, open criticism, and controversionaltopics. partake maintaining harmony and with face. Americans are willing to confront directly, criticize, discuss controversionaltopics, press personal opinions about what they consider the truth. scant(p) concernwith face. 6. Future Orientation is the degree to which a collective encourages and rewards futureoriented behaviors such as planning and delaying gratification.The Chinese even off relatively more attention to the sometime(prenominal) and the longer termfuture. Americans are less interested in the past they focus on the n ear-term future7. Gender differentiation is the degree to which a collective minimized gender inequality. In China, traditionally a persons status in the society was establish importantlyon inherited characteristics such as age, gender, and family. This is changing. In America, traditionally a persons status in the society was based importantlyon inherited characteristics such as age, gender, and family. This is changing. 8. Performance orientation