A Fair View of Research Proposal Purpose

A Fair View of Research Proposal Purpose Research Proposal Purpose - the Story If you're applying for research funding, you will likely also need to incorporate a comprehensive budget that shows how much each region of the undertaking will cost. You must demonstrate that you've got a plan for your work and your project will be prosperous. Even now, in the fields of company and science, it's still true that you have to earn project proposals. For example, it explains how you will finish your project and includes all the activities that will take place. Key to the maturation of a research paper is a suitable research proposal that sets out the tone of the true paper. Yes, it's required so you can create a productive research paper. The previous page of your research proposal ought to be the bibliography. Quantitative research employs numerical data. A research proposal sample will reveal to you the parts that ought to be included. Your research proposal is going to be a var iation of these basic structure. If you use any of the next formats, the professor is going to be satisfied. All About Research Proposal Purpose The grade of the research proposal conveys a good deal about your undertaking. Now you know how to structure a research proposal, it's time to start the job. Your research is like your idea. The purpose of someone research project is part of the research design. The Fundamentals of Research Proposal Purpose Revealed If you're applying for financial funding then you have to elaborate on reasons which justify financial assistance. Make certain that you identify what you're going to be working on so that you've got an objective. Internal proposals could be written to suggest a new concept to upper management or maybe to suggest a remedy to a current organizational issue. A research proposal should begin with the definition of the issue. What Is So Fascinating About Research Proposal Purpose? After that, every research proposal d emands an abstract. As a student, you may need to compose a research proposal to receive your thesis or dissertation plan approved. Every research proposal needs to have a title. A bad and low-quality research proposal might be the reason your research won't ever start. Aim of the research proposal is a really important component that should be clearly assessed by the author. Writing a research proposal engages numerous skills. It is as much of a vital task as it is doing the survey itself, so be extremely attentive. Writing a research proposal is a lot simpler than you think and moreover it does not need any research results before you begin writing. It's important to demonstrate that you're acquainted with the main research on your topic. Naturally, it's important to pick a topic which you like to write about. Select a topic that is argumentative. The topic needs to be interesting and original. Up in Arms About Research Proposal Purpose? There are lots of possible reasons for dropping a specific paper, and research proposal can help you establish them early on. When writing your discussion, remember that you want to get excited about what you aspire to accomplish and have confidence your project will be helpful to the reader. Specify the question your research will answer, establish the reason it is a considerable question, show how you're likely to answer the question, and indicate what you expect we'll learn. So essentially, you will be writing your proposal and receiving the research stage of your writing process from the way! The Little-Known Secrets to Research Proposal Purpose It's also useful to supply a timeline for your research so the audience can ascertain if your study can be run within the allotted time period. Some people believe any literate person has the ability to write a great academic research proposal. By finding the right research questions, you are going to convince the audience of the significance of your resear ch. A number of the research topics are simple (you are able to locate them at the start of each list), whereas others are very complicated. The End of Research Proposal Purpose An effective research proposal which serves the aim of justifying the research topic should begin with an effective outline. The statement should include not just the immediate goal of the research, but in addition any larger, eventual function. You should convince the evaluation board of the significance of your work, and the way the more study will add to the area. The very first objective is to explain what you plan to do. Research Proposal Purpose - What Is It? Always try to remember that every paragraph ought to be at least seven sentences. A superb thesis proposal hinges on a great idea. The function of the proposal is to be certain that The proposal isn't a fixed blueprint. The goal of proposal writing is to persuade others your topic has to be investigated. Be sure that the relationship between the research objectives and the research technique is evident. It is hard to take a research finding and apply it to the true world. For instance, if your research is all about the usage of social media to earn political arguments, while it's a fact that social media is a relatively recent phenomenon, there's been other research conducted about persuasion utilizing social media, together with other research involving political arguments. Generally speaking, social science research, a scientific research, applies similar research methodologies the very same as other forms of research like marketing research that's inherent with both quantitative strategy and qualitative strategy, clinical research that is emphasized on specific areas like pharmaceutical, chemical, health care research, and so forth.

Physician Assisted Suicide Can Be Deceiving - 3626 Words

Heather Campbell Mrs. Del Giorno English 12 28 April 2015 Physician Assisted Suicide can be Deceiving A college student, Erica, who has many things going for her such as a future career in law and business, has been recently diagnosed with a devastating illness: glioblastoma. Until she contracted this type of brain cancer, Erica was always a happy individual but when she was diagnosed with glioblastoma she fell into despair. The doctors told her that even if she decided to undergo treatment, she would only have a minimum of six months to live. The doctors also explained to her that her symptoms would worsen as the cancer progresses and she would eventually reach a point of being in extreme, constant pain and loss of mobility. Now, Erica’s only options are to let the cancer run its course on her, or to choose to end her life in a peaceful and painless manner with the assistance of a physician. Millions of people suffer from terminal illnesses and diseases everyday. Many of those people, especially those living in uncomfortable facilit ies and those deteriorating, have a strong desire to die with dignity. The subject of physician assisted suicide goes hand in hand with self induced suicide and euthanasia. The issue with physician assisted suicide is that society is not willing to help the issue because a majority of society views it as unethical and morally wrong. The subject is more so focused on the practice of the doctor rather than the pain and the suffering of theShow MoreRelatedEuthanasi Euthanasia And Involuntary Euthanasia1825 Words   |  8 Pagessuffering gets to be too much, the severely ill have the choice of euthanasia. Euthanasia is the practice of ending an organism’s life as an act of mercy to relieve them from their agony. Even though this practice which is commonly referred to as an assisted suicide seems harmless in the grand scheme of life, it has caused a lot of controversy surrounding it. That is what makes euthanasia so interesting. There are countless different categorizations, meth ods, and tiny details to account for. EuthanizingRead MoreEssay about Euthanasia2829 Words   |  12 Pages Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Individual cases presented to justify legalizing physician assisted suicide fail to deal with underlying medical failures to control pain, creating an illusion of control over death, and not acknowledging the thousands of patients murdered inappropriately. This is an interesting and a very controversial issue in today’s society. Euthanasia has negative sides, it can hurt society, and everyone needs to learn more bout it. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;TheRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesProcesses 25 †¢ Outcomes 25 Summary and Implications for Managers 30 S A L Self-Assessment Library How Much Do I Know About Organizational Behavior? 4 Myth or Science? â€Å"Most Acts of Workplace Bullying Are Men Attacking Women† 12 An Ethical Choice Can You Learn from Failure? 24 glOBalization! Does National Culture Affect Organizational Practices? 30 Point/Counterpoint Lost in Translation? 31 Questions for Review 32 Experiential Exercise Workforce Diversity 32 Ethical Dilemma Jekyll and Hyde 33 CaseRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesConflict 410 SSS Software Management Problems 410 Exercises for Selecting an Appropriate Conflict Management Strategy Bradley’s Barn 419 Avocado Computers 419 Phelps, Inc. 420 Exercises for Resolving Interpersonal Disputes 420 Freida Mae Jones 421 Can Larry Fit In? 423 Meeting at Hartford Manufacturing Company 424 SKILL APPLICATION 431 Activities for Improving Managing Conflict Skills Suggested Assignments 431 Application Plan and Evaluation 432 390 418 431 SCORING KEYS AND COMPARISON

Analysis the Culture of 3M Company-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Culture of 3M Company. Answer: Background of the Company 3M Company is a major multinational conglomerate corporation of United States of America. The former name of the company was Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company. The company was founded in 13 June 1902. 3M Company is considered as one of the major global innovation company (3m.com, 2017). 3M Company has a large variety of products that include adhesive, abrasives, laminates, passive fire protection, personal protective equipments, dental and orthoclase products, various electronic materials, medical products, car-care products, electronic circuit and many others (3m.com, 2017). 3M Company is well-known all over the world for their continuous thrust for innovation and invention. For this reason, with the help of their innovative products, 3M Company has been able to change daily life of threads of people. It can be seen that 3M Company is driven by some specific values that provide the company with necessary direction (3m.com, 2017). As per the values, 3M Company maintains honesty and integrity in all of their business operations (3m.com, 2017). 3M Company always tries to fulfill the demands of their customers with innovative technology and superior quality of products that have the ability to add value to their customers. In the year 2015, 3M Company had global sales of $30.2 billion that includes the sales of America worth $18.23 billion (3m.com, 2017). The company has its business operations spread over 70 countries and the products of 3M Company are sold over 200 countries around the globe (3m.com, 2017). 3M Company has an employee base of 89,446 all over the world. Innovation and invention can be seen in the business environment of the company (3m.com, 2017). The main objective of the company is to satisfy the needs of their customers with the help of quality products and high level of technology. Practice in 3M Company The focus of this part is to evaluate the business practices that make 3M Company a learning organization. As per the above discussion, 3M Company believes in innovation and inventions. With the help of some major practices, 3M Company has been able to develop learning environment in their organization (hbr.org, 2017). 3M Company provides their employees with the opportunity to pursue their chances. For this reason, 3M Company arranges various kinds of forums and centers that help their employees to take full advantage of their opportunities and provides them with all necessary resources. Apart from this, the employees of 3M Company attend different kinds of technical council so that their technical abilities can be developed and increased (victorhrconsultant.com, 2017). According to 3M Company, performance of the employees is the main success factor of the company. For this reason, 3M Company has adopted the strategy to provide the employee with bonus as per their performance of the employees. In 3M Company, scientists are provided with the same respect, compensation and prestige like the corporate managers. As per the policy of the company, the scientists can get the promotions without becoming managers. The performance measurement and reward system of 3M Company tolerates the mistakes of their employees and encourages them. 3M Company uses to honor top three scientists who develop the most innovative product and they are awarded with cash price (news.3m.com, 2017). 3M Company tells the stories of famous failures to their employees so that they can learn from those mistakes and this is one of the major strategies of 3M Company to retain innovation in their business culture. 3M Company has an effective research and development unit for the invention of innovative products. This research and development department has significant contribution to develop new industries for the company (linkedin.com, 2017). Comparison of Theoretical Framework In order to analyze the cultural aspects of 3M Company, two of the major theoretical framework has been taken into consideration and they are Schein Model and Hofstede Dimensions. Both the theories have their own importance for the analysis and evaluation of business culture of the companies. Schein Model: As per the Schein Model, organizational culture has three layers. They are Artifacts and Behaviors, Espoused Values and Assumptions (Zohar Hofmann, 2012). Figure 1: Schein Model (Source: Hogan Coote, 2014) Hofstede Dimensions: According to Hofstede model, there are six dimensions of culture. They are Power Distance, Individualism vs. Collectivism, Masculinity vs. Femininity, Uncertainty Avoidance, Pragmatic vs. Normative and Indulgence vs. Restraint (Minkov Hofstede, 2012). Figure 2: Hofstede Dimensions (Source: Taras, Steel Kirkman, 2012) The step or dimension of Schein model is artifacts that are visible elements of the companies like logo, architecture, structure, process and others. At the same time, the first three dimensions of Hofstede model are similar to the first step of Schein model. The second step in Schein model is espoused values that are organizational standards, values, rules, regulations and others. This step is similar with the last two dimensions of Hofsted model. The third step of Schein model is assumptions that have similarity with the fourth dimension of Hofstedes model. It can be seen hat Schein model covers all the dimensions of Hofsteds model. Apart from this, there are only three dimensions or layer in Schein model and for this reason; this process is less complicated than Hofsteds model. In case of Schein model, it is possible to analyze all the cultural factors of the companies with the help of three layers while companies need to use six factors for cultural analysis in case of Hofsteds model (Gray Massimino, 2014). Thus, it is more appropriate to analyze the culture of 3M Company with the help of Schein Model. Schein Model Organization culture refers to certain values and believes of the organizations. Organizational culture consists of certain principles, ideologies and policies. The organizational culture directs the employees how to behave with the people inside and outside the organizations. In the year 1980, American management professor Edgar Schein introduced a model that is helpful to analyze and evaluate the organizational culture. Edgar Schein believed that it is not possible for the business organizations to adopt the culture in one day. The employees of the organizations have to go through various changes and they have to adopt the organizational cultures. In addition, the new employees have to try hard in order to adjust with the organizational culture. According to Edgar Schein, there are three major levels in the organizational culture (Mihaela Bratianu, 2012). They are Artifacts and Behaviours, Espoused Values and Assumptions. All three aspects are discussed below: Artifacts: Artifacts refers to the surface of the organizations. On a more precise note, artifacts can be referred as the visible objectives of the organizations like physical environment, language, technological products, style, clothing, rituals and others. Among all these aspects, climate is considered as the artifacts of the organizations. As per most of the culturists, climate of the organizations can be considered as the culture. Observed behaviour of the employees can also be considered as the artifacts of the companies. Apart from this, various structural elements like formal descriptions of the organizational working process, organizational charts and others come under the category of artifacts. The most important characteristics of artifacts are that they are easy to observe and difficult to convert into normal languages. Apart from the organizational people, all these aspects are visible by the external parties of the organization. With the help of deep observations, these artifacts become clearer (Schaubroeck et al., 2012). Espoused Values: Espoused values refer to the standards, values, rules and code of conducts of the business organizations. This is the next level in the Schein model. Schein believed that the value of the employees help to develop the culture of the business organizations. Thus, the value of each employee has a significant role to play in constituting the organizational culture. The attitudes and thought process of the organizational employees have a major impact on the organizational cultural aspects. The organizational cultured is developed based on the modest of the employees. Thus, it can be said that espoused values can be referred as the ideology and philosophy of the companies. Only organizational people can see and feel them. The outsides are not able to see and feel the espoused values of the business organizations. Espoused values have utmost importance for the analysis of organizational cultures (Hogan Coote, 2014). Assumptions: This is the third step of Scheins model. This level is considered as assumed values of the organizations that cannot be measured, but they have major impacts on the culture of the organizations. In the business organizations, some values and beliefs are there that stays hidden but have significant importance on the culture of the organizations. The main aim of this part is to analyze the inner aspect of the human nature in the organizations. These assumptions are considered as the foundation of organizational culture. The underlying assumptions of the organizations are hard to describe and they are intangible in nature. As these assumptions are invisible in nature, they are not written in any of the documents of the companies. It can be seen that organizational people do not want to talk about these assumption but they have to comply with these assumptions while working in the organizations. Thus, it can be said that assumptions are one of the major components of organiz ational culture (Mihaela Bratianu, 2012). Analysis of Practices From the above analysis, it can be seen that there are three major factors in Schein Model; they are Artefacts, Espoused values and Assumptions. These three aspects are the most crucial factors are Schein model as they massively help in the analysis of organizational culture. There is not any exception of this fact in case of 3M Company. For the analysis and evaluation of organisational culture of 3M Company, the assistance of Schein Model is required. Various cultural aspects of the company need to be divided among these aspects of Schein Model so that effective analysis can be done (news.3m.com, 2017). The analysis of practice, issues, events and sub units of 3M Company is shown below based on Schein framework. Artefacts and Creation Norms are considered as the crucial factors in the principles and standards of the companies. Norms refer to the informal guidelines of the organizations that guide the behaviour of the employees in the organizations. Norms have their importance in the development collection expectations among the members or employees of the business organizations (Dauber, Fink Yolles, 2012). In a shorter note, norms can be considered as the way to do things in the organizations. From this analysis, the importance of norms in the business organizations can be understood. According to Schein Model, norms are the artefacts of the organizations that the outside people can see. The norms of 3M are the integral part of the organizational culture. According to the norms of the company, the employees of the company need to act with honesty and integrity. As per the norms of the company, the culture of 3M has build on satisfying the needs of the customers with the help of technology and quality products. 3M is always ready for the development of their employees with the help of various talent development programs. These are the major norms of 3M and they are the major parts of its culture (Fink, Dauber Yolles, 2012). From the above discussion, it can be said that norms have an important role to play in making 3M a learning organization. The management of the company has been successful to develop collaboration among various departments in the organizations. As a result, the employees have become able to learn from different business units of the company. Another major aspect of artefacts is the rites and ceremonies of the organizational culture. Rites and ceremonies refer to the integral part of the business organizations as they contribute hugely towards the operating procedures of the companies. In addition, rites and ceremonies have symbolic connection with the values and ethic of the companies. Different types of rites and ceremonies are the major part of the organizational culture of 3M. These rites and ceremonies include various recognition ceremonies, annual off-site conferences, Christmas parties, employee welcome parties, retirement parties and others (Baumgartner, 2012). All the rites and ceremonies make the employees enthusiastic to their works. Rites and ceremonies play an important role to make 3M a learning organization. In the daily lives of the employees, these rites and ceremonies bring happiness. It can be seen that as a part of the rites and ceremonies, 3M rewards their employees. This is a major performance booste r for the employees of the company. As the employees are rewarded in front of everyone, their thrust for leering becomes higher. It helps 3M to become a learning organization. Apart from these, there are many artefacts factors in the cultures of 3M. They are the logo of the company, building and infrastructure of the company, various machineries and equipments of the company and others. All these factors have deep impact on the culture of the companies. As per Schein model, these factors have great impact on the cultures of the companies. Thus, at the time of analysing the organizational culture, all these aspects need to be taken into consideration (Maximini, 2015). Values and Beliefs According to Schein Model, espoused values and beliefs refer to the code of conducts, rules, regulations, principles and standards of the organizations and the people outside the organizations are not able to see all the values and beliefs. Trust can be considered as important factors in the aspects of espoused values and beliefs. Trust is a major component of organizational culture. Trust helps to build respect and loyalty among the people of the organizations (Gimenez-Espin, Jimnez-Jimnez Martnez-Costa, 2013). As per the analysis of Schein model, it can be seen that 3M has a high trust workplace culture. 3M gets major benefits from the trust factors in the organizational as the company is getting some major tangible benefits from it. As there is trust among the employees of the company across all departments, they use to share valuable information among them. As a result of this, the employee of a particular department can now the work procedures of another department. This proces s helps them to learn multitasks. This is a major way of learning in the company. Apart from this, 3M has been able to create a cordial work place in the organization. With the help of trust factors in the organization, 3M has been able to implement the strategy of shared vision in the workplace. In the presence of trust factors in the organization, the employees of 3M have become able to build understanding and commitment among themselves that provides massive benefits to the company. Due to the presence of trust factors in the workplace, the employees of the company feel themselves as valuable and they become more enthusiastic in the learning process. As the employees, make difference in the workplace, the organizations start to value them. Efforts refer to the attempt of the organizations in order to do good of the companies like effort to implement a strategy, effort to better the financial performance of the company and others. Thus, it can be said that the organizations need to put efforts for the performance development. This same theory is also applicable in case of 3M. It can be seen that 3M has been putting some major efforts in order to strengthen the technological capabilities of the company and to improve the business portfolio and cost structure of the company. As per the recent years strategy of the company, 3M is putting efforts to increase the amount of investment for the growth opportunities (Taylor, 2014). Individual efforts of the employees help them to learn many important aspects apart from their own business units. This is a major progress for the company and this process helps 3M to become a learning organization. Apart from trust and effort, some other cultural values and beliefs are there in 3M. According to the culture of the company, the brand of the companies should be reflected from the culture of the organizations. Over the years, 3M has been celebrating, encouraging and retaining the most relevant parts of their business culture. At the same time, 3M is continuously developing the ways to make the organizational culture more effective and relevant. In 3M, the employees are provided with the opportunities to increase their potentials and to become more effective. In this process, 3M provides all the necessary resources to them. Thus, it can be seen that 3M is always ready to take efforts in order to make the organizational people more effective. This is one of the major characteristics of their business culture. All these aspects together have been successful to make 3M a learning organization where the employees are always provided with the opportunity to develop themselves (Korte Lin , 2013). Assumptions Assumptions refer to the underlying facts of the organizational that are deeply embedded with the organizational cultures. From the cultural analysis of 3M, some basic assumptions can be made. As per the above discussions, it can be said that some of the major business practices of 3M have made the company as the learning organization. From the above discussion, it can be assumed that 3M has been successful to implement the concept of system thinking in the organization. As a result, the organizational people of 3M have been able to see interrelations and patterns of the organizational changes (Conole, 2012). In addition, with the help of organizational culture, the employees of the company have developed personal mastery. With the help of personal mastery, the 3M employees are able to increase their abilities to create their desired results (Maden, 2012). Another major assumption is the development of team learning mentality among the employees of the company. There is a positive in terrelation between team learning and personal mastery as both team learning develops on the principles and standards of personal mastery. Team learning is an important factor for the business success of 3M (Parmelee et al., 2012). Conclusion The main objective of this report is to analyze and evaluate the business practices of 3M Company that make it a learning organization. For the analysis of business practices, two learning models are taken into consideration. They are Schein Model and Hofstede Dimension Model. Schein model has three dimensions while Hofstede Model has six dimensions. After the analysis of both the models, it has been concluded that Schein model is more appropriate than Hofstede model for the analysis of organizational culture of 3M. The three dimensions of Schein model covers all the six dimensions of Hofstetde model. There are three major dimensions in Schein model; they are Artefacts, Espoused values and Assumptions. There are some specific artefacts in the organizations. The employees of the organization have to comply with the norms and standards and the employees act with honesty and integrity for these rules and regulations. In addition, 3M has several major rites and ceremonies in the organiza tion like Christmas parties, conferences, employee recognition programs and others. All these rites and ceremonies play important part in developing enthusiasm within the employees towards their jobs. These are the major artefacts of the company. Various codes of conducts, principles, regulations are others are seen as the espoused values. Trust and efforts are two of the major factors of espoused values and believes of the company. In the third part of the model, some assumptions are provided. It is assumed that the company has been successful for the development of some major aspects like system thinking, team learning, share vision and personal mastery. References 3M Annual Meeting Highlights 2016 Achievements | 3M News | United States. (2017).News.3m.com. Retrieved 8 August 2017, from https://news.3m.com/press-release/company-english/3m-annual-meeting-highlights-2016-achievements 3M Business Groups - 3M US Company Information. (2017).Solutions.3m.com. Retrieved 8 August 2017, from https://solutions.3m.com/wps/portal/3M/en_US/3M-Company/Information/AboutUs/Businesses/ 3M Performance - 3M US Company Information. (2017).Solutions.3m.com. Retrieved 8 August 2017, from https://solutions.3m.com/wps/portal/3M/en_US/3M-Company/Information/Profile/Performance/ 3M Positioned for a Successful 2017 and Beyond | 3M News | United States. (2017).News.3m.com. Retrieved 8 August 2017, from https://news.3m.com/press-release/company-english/3m-positioned-successful-2017-and-beyond 3M US Company Information. (2017).Solutions.3m.com. Retrieved 8 August 2017, from https://solutions.3m.com/wps/portal/3M/en_US/3M-Company/Information/ About 3M| 3M United States. (2017).3m.com. Retrieved 8 August 2017, from https://www.3m.com/3M/en_US/company-us/about-3m/ Baumgartner, R. J. (2012). Organizational culturean essential factor for sustainable industry management. InInstitute of Systems Sciences, Innovation Sustainability Research University of Graz, Greening of Industry conference, Linkping. Conole, G. (2012).Designing for learning in an open world(Vol. 4). Springer Science Business Media. Corporate Responsibility - 3M US Company Information. (2017).Solutions.3m.com. Retrieved 8 August 2017, from https://solutions.3m.com/wps/portal/3M/en_US/3M-Company/Information/AboutUs/CorporateResponsibility/ Dauber, D., Fink, G., Yolles, M. (2012). A configuration model of organizational culture.Sage Open,2(1), 2158244012441482. Fink, G., Dauber, D., Yolles, M. (2012). Understanding organisational culture as a trait theory.European Journal of International Management,6(2), 199-220. Gimenez-Espin, J. A., Jimnez-Jimnez, D., Martnez-Costa, M. (2013). Organizational culture for total quality management.Total Quality Management Business Excellence,24(5-6), 678-692. Gray, J. V., Massimino, B. (2014). The effect of language differences and national culture on operational process compliance.Production and Operations Management,23(6), 1042-1056. History - 3M US Company Information. (2017).Solutions.3m.com. Retrieved 8 August 2017, from https://solutions.3m.com/wps/portal/3M/en_US/3M-Company/Information/Resources/History/ Hogan, S. J., Coote, L. V. (2014). Organizational culture, innovation, and performance: A test of Schein's model.Journal of Business Research,67(8), 1609-1621. Hogan, S. J., Coote, L. V. (2014). Organizational culture, innovation, and performance: A test of Schein's model.Journal of Business Research,67(8), 1609-1621. Korte, R., Lin, S. (2013). Getting on board: Organizational socialization and the contribution of social capital.Human Relations,66(3), 407-428. Maden, C. (2012). Transforming public organizations into learning organizations: a conceptual model.Public Organization Review,12(1), 71-84. Maximini, D. (2015). Organizational Culture Models. InThe Scrum Culture(pp. 9-25). Springer International Publishing. Mihaela, V., Bratianu, C. (2012). Organizational culture modeling.Management Marketing,7(2), 257. Minkov, M., Hofstede, G. (2012). Hofstedes fifth dimension: New evidence from the World Values Survey.Journal of cross-cultural psychology,43(1), 3-14. Old Fashion Collaboration Still Powers Innovation at 3M!. (2017).Victor Assad Strategic Human Resources Consulting. Retrieved 8 August 2017, from https://victorhrconsultant.com/2016/06/19/old-fashion-collaboration-still-powers-innovation-at-3m/ Old Fashion Collaboration Still Powers Innovation at 3M!. (2017).linkedin.com. Retrieved 8 August 2017, from https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/old-fashion-collaboration-still-powers-innovation-3m-victor-assad Parmelee, D., Michaelsen, L. K., Cook, S., Hudes, P. D. (2012). Team-based learning: a practical guide: AMEE guide no. 65.Medical teacher,34(5), e275-e287. Schaubroeck, J. M., Hannah, S. T., Avolio, B. J., Kozlowski, S. W., Lord, R. G., Trevio, L. K., ... Peng, A. C. (2012). Embedding ethical leadership within and across organization levels.Academy of Management Journal,55(5), 1053-1078. Taras, V., Steel, P., Kirkman, B. L. (2012). Improving national cultural indices using a longitudinal meta-analysis of Hofstede's dimensions.Journal of World Business,47(3), 329-341. Taylor, J. (2014). Organizational culture and the paradox of performance management.Public Performance Management Review,38(1), 7-22. The Innovation Mindset in Action: 3M Corporation. (2017).Harvard Business Review. Retrieved 8 August 2017, from https://hbr.org/2013/08/the-innovation-mindset-in-acti-3 Who We Are - 3M US Company Information. (2017).Solutions.3m.com. Retrieved 8 August 2017, from https://solutions.3m.com/wps/portal/3M/en_US/3M-Company/Information/AboutUs/WhoWeAre/ Zohar, D., Hofmann, D. A. (2012). Organizational culture and climate.Oxford handbook of industrial and organizational psychology,1, 643-66.

Job Stress Essays - Economic Ideologies, Working Time,

Job Stress The official working week is being reduced to 35 hours a week. In most countries in the world, it is limited to 45 hours a week. The trend during the last century seems to be less work, more play. Yet, what may be true for blue-collar workers or state employees is not necessarily so for white-collar employees. It is not rare for these people lawyers, accountants, consultants, managers, academics to put in 80 hour weeks. This trend is so widespread and its social consequences so known that it acquired the unflattering nickname workaholism, a combination of the words work and alcoholism. Family life is disrupted, intellectual horizons narrow, the consequences to the workaholics health are severe: fat, lack of exercise, stress take their toll. Classified as alpha types, workaholics suffer three times as many heart attacks as their peers. But what are the social and economic roots of this phenomenon ? Put briefly, it is the result of the blurring borders and differences between work and leisure. The distinction between these two types of time the one dedicated to labor and the one spent in the pursuit of ones interests was so clear for thousands of years that its gradual disappearance is one of the most important and profound social changes in human history. A host of other shifts in the character of the work and domestic environments of humans converged to produce this momentous change. Arguably the most important was the increase in labor mobility in the workplace. The transitions from agricultural to industrial, then to the services and now to the information age. and knowledge societies, each, in turn, increased the mobility of the workforce. A farmer is the least mobile. His means of production are fixed, his produce was mostly consumed locally because of lack of proper refrigeration, preservation and transportation methods. A marginal group of people became nomad-traders. This group exploded in size with the advent of the industrial revolution. True, the bulk of the workforce was still immobile and affixed to the production floor. But raw materials and the finished products traveled long distances to faraway markets. Professional services were needed and the professional manager, the lawyer, the accountant, the consultant, the trader, the broker all emerged as both the parasites of the production processes and the indispensable components to any enterprise. Then came the services industry. Its protagonists were no longer geographically dependent. They rendered their services to a host of employers in a variety of ways and geographically spread. This trend accelerated today, at the beginning of the information and knowledge revolution. Knowledge is not locale-bound. It is easily transferable across boundaries. Its short-lived quality gives it a-temporal and non-spatial qualities. The location of the participants in the economic interactions of this new age are geographically transparent. These trends converged with an increase of mobility of people, goods and data (voice, visual, textual and other). The twin revolutions of transportation and of telecommunications really reduced the world to a global village(Idea stolen from Mrs. Clinton). Phenomena like commuting to work and multinationals were first made possible. Facsimile messages, electronic mail, other modem data transfers, the Internet broke not only physical barriers, but also temporal ones. Today, virtual offices are not only spatially virtual, but also temporally so. This means that workers can collaborate not only across continents but also across time zones. They can leave their work for someone else to continue in an electronic mailbox, for instance. These last technological advances precipitated the fragmentation of the very concepts of work and workplace. No longer the three Aristotelian dramatic unities. Work could be carried out in different places, not simultaneously, by workers who worked part time whenever it suited them best, Flextime and work from home are quickly replacing commuting as the preferred venue of the workplace. This fits exactly into the social fragmentation, which characterizes todays world. The disintegration of previously cohesive social structures, such as the nuclear (not to mention the extended) family. This was all neatly wrapped in the ideology of individualism which was presented as a private case of capitalism and liberalism. People were encouraged to feel and behave as distinct, autonomous units.

The Aboriginal Experience †Struggles For Rights And Freedom

The Aboriginal Experience – Struggles For Rights And Freedom The Aboriginal Experience - Struggles For Rights And Freedom The Aboriginal Experience - Struggles For Rights And Freedom"Throughout the second half of the twentieth century many Aboriginal people have experienced struggles for rights and freedoms." The struggle for Aboriginal and Islander Land Rights is the longest-running political conflict in Australia's history. The issue of Aboriginal land rights in Australia has existed for over 200 years, and the process still has some way to go. Why is land so important to Aboriginal people's history and beliefs? They have maintained their fight for land justice against the odds, and despite a history of continued dispossession and alienation from land. Some significant areas of land and social rights have now been achieved. It wasn't until the passing of the Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902 and the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900 that Indigenous people were not included as citizens of Australia, and could therefore not vote. When white Australia celebrated 150 years of settlement on January 26 1938, Aboriginal people in Sydney marked it as a Day of Mourning. Aboriginal Embassy and Mount Ainslie 29-10-06 They stated that there was little for Aboriginal people to celebrate, and mocked the claims of white Australians to be a "civilised, progressive, kindly and humane nation". During 1900-1950's, hardships for Aboriginals continued and their push for equal rights and freedom were meaningless to the government. This was shown with the government policy to take Aboriginal children from their families and place them in missions. Once there they would be given new identities and live in a harsh environment where they would be made to live in a 'White mans way' and forget their past culture. This would later be known as the Stolen Generation. The 1960s saw a lot of change; but most Aboriginal people in the early twenty-first century might argue that the changes have not achieved enough nor come...

Econometrics Research Topic Ideas

Econometrics Research Topic Ideas One of the most difficult things about being an undergraduate student  in economics is that most schools require that students write an econometrics paper at some point in their studies. Econometrics is essentially the application of statistical and mathematical theories and perhaps some computer science to economic data. The objective is to develop empirical evidence for economics hypotheses and to predict future trends by testing economics models through statistical trials. Econometrics assists economists in analyzing large sets of data to unveil meaningful relationships among them. For instance, an econometrics scholar might attempt to find statistical evidence for answers to real-world economics questions like, does increased education spending lead to higher economic growth? with the help of econometrics methods. The Difficulty Behind Econometrics Projects While certainly important to the subject of economics, many students (and particularly those who do not particularly enjoy statistics)  find econometrics a necessary evil in their education. So when the moment arrives to find an econometrics research topic for a university term paper or project, they are at a loss. In my time as an economics professor, I have seen students  spend 90% of their time simply trying to come up with an econometrics research topic and then searching for the necessary data. But these steps need not be such a challenge. Econometrics Research Topic Ideas When it comes to your next econometrics  project, I have you covered. Ive come up with a few ideas for suitable undergraduate econometrics term papers and projects. All the data you will need to get started on your project is included, though you may choose to supplement with additional data. The data is available for download in Microsoft Excel format, but it can easily be converted to whatever format your course requires you to use. Here are two econometrics research topic ideas to consider. Within these links are paper topic prompts, research resources, important questions to consider, and data sets to work with. Okuns Law Use your econometrics term paper to test Okuns Law in the United States. Okuns Law is named for American economist Arthur Melvin Okun, who was the first to propose the existence of the relationship back in 1962. The relationship described by Okuns Law is between that of a countrys unemployment rate and that countrys production or gross national product (GNP). Spending on Imports and Disposable Income Use your econometrics term paper as an opportunity to answer questions about American spending behaviors. As incomes rise, how do households spend their new wealth and disposable income? Do they spend it on imported goods or domestic goods?

Few topics. African American Identities, African Immigration and Research Paper

Few topics. African American Identities, African Immigration and Diaspora, Africans becoming Americanized and losing culture - Research Paper Example Besides, the paper will talk about how African Americans today do not really accept their African side and want to be ‘Americanized’. It is also noted that in many instances, African American look down upon or dislike pure Africans and this is equally to be analyzed. Besides, the migration into America in search of employment or settlement in Diaspora is of concern to this paper. The 1807 abolition of slave trafficking into the US marked a great step in defining the future of the Africans who would often find their way to America as slaves. The abolition also allowed the slaves then to settle there and this marks the main origin of African Americans although scores of other Africans have latter settled in the US intentionally, or as the law allows either in search of employment opportunities, education, as refugees or seeking asylum or for such other reasons as. There is however a disparity that is pointed out between the native African Americans especially who are citizens by birth and the immigrants. History depicts a ‘bad’ past for the African Americans who faced among other things prejudice from the whites based on the skin color. In fact, despite having rightfully settled and acquired the American citizenship, history shows how the racial discrimination has been a feature in the country. The discrimination and or treatment accorded to the African Americans by the white would be based on identity. However, great changes have been witnessed with great persons of African origin rising to heights of influence in the nation with the most current being the president. This shows a great evolution with the African Americans now actively participating merely in all aspects of life and politics being the most influential. The African-American identity has slowly gained acceptance among the whites in the country hence explaining even the policy frameworks that allow even new immigrants of

Comparisons Over 1000s B.C of Years of Western and Asian Warfare Essay

Comparisons Over 1000s B.C of Years of Western and Asian Warfare - Essay Example In the ancient period, wars occurred for many reasons, some which were petty while others which had long term consequences. Some of the themes related to ancient warfare are the following: the ambitions of the various rulers of the time, the need to acquire scarce resources, wars in the name of religion, and finally the need to emulate the great empires or states that existed at the time. The personal ambitions of various rulers in the ancient world were a major factor behind the wars that occurred during that period. Rulers such as King Xerxes of Persia wanted to secure their positions at home. This was because when these rulers came to their thrones, their positions were very weak due to the fact that they had yet to prove themselves to be worthy of their positions. Very often, they had to go to as many wars as possible early in their reigns to not only to show their battle prowess, but also to prove to those that wanted to overthrow them that any sign of rebellion would be met wit h brutal force. Another way of proving their worth was by contributing to their forefathers’ legacy by adding to the territories which they had inherited. An example of this was when Xerxes who, within a few years of coming to the throne, embarked on the conquest of Greece which ended in the Persian defeat many years later. The same can be said of Alexander the Great of Macedon who within the ten years that he ruled Macedonia had conquered Persia, the largest and most powerful empire of the time. He did this not only to satisfy his ambition but also because he believed that his birth was divine and that he was therefore worthy of great deeds to prove that he was the son of a god. Until his sudden death at the age of thirty two, his greatest ambition had been to conquer the whole of the known world. A common theme closely related to the above was tyranny, especially in Ancient Greece which occurred mostly between the sixth and the fourth century. Fagan G G and Trundle M (229) state that the tyrants needed a constant supply of money to support not only themselves but also their regimes. These necessitated wars which if won would ensure a constant flow of tribute from the defeated foe. Mercenaries hired themselves to tyrants because of the good pay which they tended to receive, while the tyrants often hired them because their loyalty to their employer remained absolute so long as he kept them paid. The Persian Empire also had a long tradition of hiring mercenaries and this can be seen when one looks at the composition of the Persian army during the invasion of Greece. Soldiers from as far as India and Nubia in Africa were to be found within the Persian ranks and these, especially Nubia, were not even close to Persia. Ancient Egypt was and still is largely a desert with very few resources and heavily dependent on the River Nile as the source of its livelihood. The ancient Egyptians therefore had to look without to find those resources that could not be foun d in their country but which they really needed to make their lives more comfortable. It was with this in mind that the pharaohs, especially those of the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twenty fifth dynasties embarked on a series of wars of conquest to bring other states with vital resources into the Egyptian sphere of influence. At its greatest extent, Egypt controlled Nubia in what are now southern Egypt and northern Sudan, and the whole of Palestine including the Phoenician city states. As a result, exotic goods from tribute

Evaluation of Bretton Woods Institution’s Influence on the Sovereign Decision Making Essay Example for Free

Evaluation of Bretton Woods Institution’s Influence on the Sovereign Decision Making Essay Truly our global economy works in complexity as various collaborations and interrelationships happens between countries around the globe. Because of the interaction of different economies, Bretton Woods Institutions were established to guide those developing countries towards the attainment of impressive economic growth through the assistance of developed countries. Two of the major organizations under the Bretton Wood Institutions would be the World Bank and International Monetary Fund which provides research and financial services to developing countries to boost the economic activity of developing countries. Despite of the said gains that World Bank and International Monetary Fund offers to developing countries, a lot of debates concerning the real effects of such â€Å"intermediation† of WB and IMF happening on various parts of the globe. In this regard, the main question that this paper will about to answer would be: what are the effects of Bretton Woods Institutions programs on the sovereignty of developing countries and would there be really benefits that can be derived by developing countries on such existence of international institutions in the long run? These are some of the questions that we will uncover by the end of this paper. One of the main programs of World Bank and IMF for the developing countries would be to lend funds that can be used for economic development such as building of various infrastructures like roads and bridge that are essential to attract more foreign investors (Fischer et al 2003: 4). Aside from this, both of the identified international institutions provides research assistance as to how to deal with various economic problems such as poverty, high inflation and unemployment rate as well as stabilizing financial sector of the economy. But the only problem with IMF and WB would be their policy-conditional lending wherein they demand reforms on various economic policies of developing countries like lower tariff rate for United States or higher tax discount on foreign investors from developed countries in exchange for funds. Therefore, to some extent, IMF and WB, influences the economic policies of developing countries by requiring the latter to comply first on IMF and WB’s policy reforms before granting those financial aids. Since it is the government that makes economic policies, sovereignty is now at stake every time developing countries borrow money to MF and WB since the government becomes powerless from the demands of IMF and WB, and just let these international institutions to change whatever economic policies that is currently being implemented. For the past two decades, IMF and WB have been able to influence every developing country around the globe. Lending money serves as the powerful tool of IMF and WB in successfully penetrating the sovereignty of a given developing country in exchange for funding. In the short run perspective, every one would agree that IMF and WB are of great help for developing countries. But in the long run, due to their interventions on economic policies of developing countries, there is a tendency that the policy-conditional lending of IMF and WB would not fit to the nature of economic activities a certain country has thereby will only cause instability in the next coming years. In this regard, it is already clear that the policy-condition lending of IMF and WB would only provide short lived benefits for the economy of developing countries since negative effects of the said intervention would offset all those benefits. It would be better if IMF and WB would minimize its interventions on economic policies of developing countries to give room for the latter to have sustainable economic development.

Essay --

The life of a Greek is typically average. You go to school, get a job, find the person you want to marry... you know how it goes. All of this changes when you are describing one specific type of Greek, a â€Å"Karpathian†, who comes from a tiny little island in Greece called Karpathos. To most non-Greeks, Karpathos is barely a tourist attraction, as there are much bigger and more interesting islands found within the country. But to us Karpathians, few other places compare to its magnificence. What is troubling, however, is the complicated process of dating and marriage. This society of people take everything you thought you knew about relationships to a whole new level. Everyone who’s anyone in the Karpathian community knows that nothing compares to a summer in Karpathos. The beaches alone could easily persuade you never to leave. During the course of the summer, there are multiple weddings scattered across the island. Surprisingly, these weddings are the epitome of what it means to be Karpathian. What does it take to reach this climax of a Karpathian’s life, marriage, one might ask. Well I can assure you that this process is anything but simple. To start off, the young are groomed from birth to become the highest quality spouse. Boys are expected to be an excellent student and go to Karpathos every summer. The island is their place to shine, so being seen in ordinary clothes could potentially be a big mistake. It is recommended that you pack the best brands money can buy: Burberry, Lacoste, Ralph Lauren, etc. Furthermore, if the brand is not clearly visible, you might as well not wear the article of clothing at all. The girls of the island have standards that are just as important. Ten pounds of makeup is a given, i... ... could quite possibly be â€Å"What does love have to do with being able to show off all of your cool things during the summer?†. The concepts that go along with this strange charade have not changed all that much throughout the years, but the methods certainly have. With social media now and integral part of everyday-lives, maintaing your appearance has now turned into a year-long affair. Since the summer is not the only time your potential spouses will be seeing you, (even if it’s via social media) you must post the right things and carefully stage photo-ops. Instagram, Twitter, and other social media applications have become virtual extensions of summer socializing in Karpathos. Above all, reputation is key, guard it no matter what. You do not want to risk the island knowing you are actually a superficial person that is only interested in possessions, now you do?

Nationalism and Politics Custom Research by Essay Writers Essay

Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As the world political climate has become more complex and in some cases outright hostile, many nations have turned inward, embracing nationalism as a method of self preservation at the very least and at best, or worst depending upon one’s point of view, pitting nations against one another in competition for global political status[1].   Because of these mixtures of nationalism and politics the question of why and how justifiably nationalism has been treated with suspicion by political thinkers becomes very relevant.   In this paper, the question will be discussed and explored with real world examples where appropriate. The Roots and Renaissance of Nationalism Nationalism, in one form or another, traces its European roots back at least 200 years; most sources agree that the â€Å"modern renaissance† of nationalism can be defined as the period when the Cold War reached its apex in the early 1970s[2].   It was also during this period that nationalism became truly political in nature, as the two superpowers of the world at that time, the United States and the United Soviet Socialist Republic, each developed an intense infrastructure of national pride and protectionism while at the same time trying to advocate their respective political systems in other nations in an effort to gain allies for their war of politics and ideology[3].   With the key players in the world political game embracing nationalism in its new form, the other nations of the world, large and small, soon followed suit.   Along with the nationalism boom came suspicion of nationalism on the part of many of the world’s most keen political minds and powerful p olitical players[4]. Justified Suspicion of Nationalism   Ã‚  Ã‚   The suspicion on the part of the world’s political leaders is justified; when one takes the time to look at world history over the last century or so, painful examples of nationalism run amok abound.   Many people do not realize it, but the roots of the Nazi party, the political machine of Adolf Hitler in the Germany of the 1930’s-1940’s, was based upon a very concentrated, and in hindsight toxic, form of German nationalism[5].   In this instance, Hitler, being a charismatic speaker and power monger, used the fervor of nationalism to build a regime which ultimately claimed millions of innocent lives and hurtled the world into war for years.    Behind the scenes, one can only imagine how many more lives were shattered as a result of Nazi fervor and actions. Also, referring back briefly to the introduction of this paper, the entire communist movement which came close to launching the world into war as well, had its beginnings in the elements of nationalism and the use by powerful and persuasive leaders to manipulate the masses into a system that would ultimately take away their freedom, their hope, and in some cases, their lives[6].   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A present day example of possible nationalism and its potential to topple the political order exists in Great Britain, where sources indicate that there are forces within the government that advocate a concentrated form of nationalism, which ostensibly they maintain will give the common people more freedom, but in actuality, other sources claim, British nationalism would upset the established political order and lead to the downfall of the Crown itself[7]. What all of this represents is a potential power struggle that would likely ensue with the demolition of the traditional political order in a nation that has a proud history of resilience.   In fact, overall, the political leaders worldwide have in recent years voiced a concern that the new, more virulent form of nationalism that has emerged since the height of the Cold War is actually a social movement in disguise, used by those with a hunger for political power to burn down the established order and, in its place, put their own governments that of course have their own best interests at heart[8].   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The point that is made with these real-life examples is that the suspicion with which political leaders often view nationalism is justified.   Any system that can devour an entire people against their will and best interests needs to be viewed with a certain degree of cynicism, and utilized only with the utmost caution. Nationalism and the World Economy   Ã‚  Ã‚   Because of the close relationship between global politics and economics, the effect of nationalism on world economies is important to understand, and likewise provides solid evidence that leaders in every corner of the planet should likewise monitor nationalism from the vista of economic consequences.   Taking into consideration the previously presented examples of political chaos caused by nationalism in its present most popular form, it is not a far stretch to predict what would happen economically to accompany political upheaval.   This is especially true when the use of â€Å"reform nationalism† is used.    Reform nationalism surfaces under the premise that it will actually lead to greater economic opportunities through an overhaul of a given nation’s economy, in such forms as a revision of the tax codes, monetary policy, and the like[9].   While it ultimately is true that most cases of reform nationalism do lead to new economic opportunities, they are usually reserved for those in power, or more precisely newly in power, while the masses find themselves worse off than before.   Unfortunately, this has happened time and time again in recent times due to the often volatile power systems in some nations; classic examples in recent times include Bosnia, Serbia, and much of Eastern Europe following the collapse of communism[10] . Key Considerations   Ã‚  Ã‚   In this paper, real examples of the validity of suspicion against nationalism by political leaders has been presented, but perhaps just as importantly, the common citizen must be vigilant to make sure that their interests and rights are preserved as well, as a check and balance against the powers that exist within politics; this is true in any nation.   As the old saying goes, those who fail to learn from history are condemned to repeat it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   References    Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. Revised Edition ed. London and New York: Verso, 1991. Anton Antonowicz Analyses the Lives of John Hume and David Trimble. (1998, October 17). The Mirror (London, England), p. 9. Beiner, Ronald, ed. Theorizing Nationalism. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1999. Benner, Erica. (1995). Really Existing Nationalisms: A Post-Communist View from Marx and Engels. Oxford, Clarendon Press. Billig, Michael. Banal Nationalism. London: Sage Publications, 1995. Blair Warns of English Threat to New Britain; Let’s Stick Together: PM Blasts Right-Wing Agenda. (2000, March 28). Daily Record (Glasgow, Scotland), p. 6. Borntraeger, Ekkehard W. Borders, Ethnicity and National Self-Determination. Vienna: Baumueller, 1999. Boyce, D. George. Nationalism in Ireland. Third Edition ed. London and New York: Routledge, 1995. Brehony, K. J. and N. Rassool, ed. Nationalisms Old and New. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1999. Breuilly, John. Nationalism and the State. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985. Brubaker, Rogers. Nationalism Reframed: Nationhood and the National Question in the New Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Bruce, Steve. The Edge of Union: The Ulster Loyalist Political Vision. Oxford, New York and Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1994. Burns, Jimmy. Barà §a: A People’s Passion. London: Bloomsbury, 1999. Carter, A. (1997). Nationalism and Global Citizenship. The Australian Journal of Politics and History, 43(1), 67+. Cottam, M. L., & Cottam, R. W. (2001). Nationalism & Politics: The Political Behavior of Nation States. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner. Ercegovac, P. (1998).   Competing National Ideologies, Cyclical Responses: The Mobilisation of the Irish, Basque and Croat National Movements to Rebellion Against the State.   Sydney, AU: University of Sydney. Glynn, P. (1994, August). Is Nationalism the Wave of the Future?. Commentary, 98, 42+. John McKie: Will Kilroy’s New Face of UK Politics Be Orange? (2005, February 5). Daily Record (Glasgow, Scotland), p. 13. The Making of the British. (2005, June 27). The Evening Standard (London, England), p. 67. Wheatcroft, G. (1999, June). The Making of the English Middle Class. The Atlantic Monthly, 283, 128. [1] Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. Revised Edition ed. London and New York: Verso, 1991. [2]Carter, A. (1997). Nationalism and Global Citizenship. The Australian Journal of Politics and History, 43(1), 67+. [3]Brubaker, Rogers. Nationalism Reframed: Nationhood and the National Question in the New Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. [4]Beiner, Ronald, ed. Theorizing Nationalism. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1999. [5]Glynn, P. (1994, August). Is Nationalism the Wave of the Future?. Commentary, 98, 42+. [6]Cottam, M. L., & Cottam, R. W. (2001). Nationalism & Politics: The Political Behavior of Nation States. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner. [7]Blair Warns of English Threat to New Britain; Let’s Stick Together: PM Blasts Right-Wing Agenda. (2000, March 28). Daily Record (Glasgow, Scotland), p. 6. [8]Ercegovac, P. (1998).   Competing National Ideologies, Cyclical Responses: The Mobilisation of the Irish, Basque and Croat National Movements to Rebellion Against the State.   Sydney, AU: University of Sydney. [9]Breuilly, John. Nationalism and the State. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985. [10]Ercegovac, P. (1998).   Competing National Ideologies, Cyclical Responses: The Mobilisation of the Irish, Basque and Croat National Movements to Rebellion Against the State.   Sydney, AU: University of Sydney.

Religion may be losing its power at an institutional level, but it still retains immense influence over individual consciousness

Statistical evidence suggests that in terms of institutional religion, membership is in decline in Britain and in much of the rest of the world. Church attendance figures show a continuing drop in attendance throughout the twentieth century particularly in Anglican, Baptist and Catholic Churches. It has also been found that the number of children being baptised has dropped from 65% of the British child population to only 27%. Many sociologists use these statistics as support for their hypothesis in the secularisation of our society. However an equal number disregard these facts as evidence of secularisation, arguing that for our society to become secular there must be a decline in religious belief not just Church membership. Institutional religion can be defined as a large organisation, that has particular codes of conduct, values and morals which members are supposed to follow. Private belief is when an individual has their own set of beliefs and moral guidelines to follow, worship and abidance to these rules are conducted personally and internally. An opinion poll conducted in 1991 called the British Social Attitudes Survey found that only 10% of the English population and 1% of the people in Northern Ireland denied the existence of God outright. This suggests that Britain has a religious population supporting the idea that religion still has major influence over religious consciousness. It is therefore necessary to explain what has caused the decline in popularity of institutional religion if it is not a decline in religious belief itself. It can be argued that for a society to be truly religious, religion must play a part in every aspect of life. This religious ‘Golden Age' was present in Britain in the Medieval Ages where the Church held most of the power, wealth and status. Today the Church has less wealth and plays little part in the running of the country (there is little Church representation in the Government), Martin (1969) calls this process the disengagement of religion from wider society. However many sociologists would dispute that the ‘Golden Age' of religion does not automatically indicate an enhanced religious thinking but actually a lack of spiritual freedom which can lessen religious conviction. With an increasingly diverse ethnic mix present in British society there are more religions. Religious pluralism has made people aware that spirituality can be an individual journey and that they are not required to share the same beliefs as everyone else to be religious. This is verification of the idea that institutional religion is in decline but not of secularisation, as although religious beliefs have changed they are still inherently spiritual. The sociologist Bellah defined religion as the search for the ultimate meaning of life but claimed that this did not have to involve the supernatural. Bellah supported the theory that religious pluralism is evidence against, not for, secularisation saying that religion has become an individual quest as religious doctrine had become less strict. For example today it is impractical for all workers to rest on the Sabbath therefore it is no longer considered unholy to work on a Sunday allowing many to conduct their own worship in their own time. Consequently it is impossible to use research on the Church and other institutional religions as evidence of secularisation. Individuation is the natural evolution of religion whereby religion has not decreased but simply changed to become more personal to the individual. Bellah can be faulted however for his lack of evidence in individuation in wider Western society and also for his definition of religion being too vague Parsons argued that through generalisation religious teachings have become an integral part of our society. Rather than there being a number of different teachings and values in one society, the institutional religion (in Britain it is Christianity) doctrine has become more generalised and embedded into modern culture. Parsons uses the example of healthcare. When the Church was at its height of power it was responsible for the running of the Hospitals, rather than the State. Religion was a major part of caring for the sick. Today Hospitals are run by the Government but the notion that it the responsibility of the healthy and able to care for the sick is a religious teaching. David Martin looked into generalisation in the US and found the same as Parsons however both have been criticised. It has been said that neither provide enough detailed evidence to support their theory, for example they do not supply evidence that social values do not have a secular foundation rather than religious. Also many argue that it is wrong to assume that Britain and the USA are basically Christian societies. In terms of whether society has become secular Parsons theory of generalisation suggests that this is not the case, religious principals have become embedded in our society. Weber, another leading sociologist, agreed that many of society's core social guidelines in modern society have a religious origin. However where Weber significantly differs from Parsons is that he proposes that these guides to action have been transformed into secular guidelines, essentially Weber is arguing for secularisation. Weber uses his study The Protestant Ethic and the Rise of Capitalism to show how the popularity of the Protestant faith has inadvertently caused a secular society. The teaching of the Protestant faith (to work hard and to keep reinvesting time, money and energy so to accumulate wealth) has lead to a decrease in the necessity of religion. Capitalism has brought about an increase in wealth, which provides its own satisfaction and rewards so there is less need for religion. Furthermore new technology and the mechanization of industry has resulted in there being less call for religion as a motivator for hard work. Like generalisation the transformation theory can be condemned for lack of evidence for modern day values having religious origins. Alternatively one could argue that Weber's theory does not disprove generalisation, he makes little argument for the Protestant Ethic not still being present in society today. Weber argued against individuation also, claiming that the supernatural belief has been banished from our society and all meanings and motives are governed by rational belief instead. Weber called this Desacrilisation. Wilson developed the argument for desacrilisation citing four reasons for the dissolution of supernatural conviction. Firstly the rise in Protestantism, which Wilson argues encourages rational thought and behaviour. Secondly the rational organisation of society, this can be related to the fact that with a greater equilibrium in society this has lessened /. Finally the development of rational ideologies such as Communism have highlighted negativity within religious institutions (for example Marx's claim that ‘Religion is the opium of the people'). Desacrilisation can be denounced for its lack of hard data, it almost appears that much of the theory is based on the impressions of particular researchers. When looking at society from a different perspective it is clear to see that the supernatural does play a significant role in our lives. An example being belief in superstitions such as walking under a ladder or making a wish when you break a wish bone or blow out candles. To imply that supernatural belief has been banished from our society would eradicate all superstitious related actions, yet they are still prevalent in our society.

Interpreting Dreams That Never Occurred The Dream Sequence in The Wife of Baths Prologue and Its Implied Concepts

Interpreting Dreams That Never Occurred The Dream Sequence in The Wife of Baths Prologue and Its Implied Concepts As history records show, feminism and Middle Ages are not quite compatible; despite the fact that the idea of women’s liberation was started way back in the Ancient Greece (DuBois, 2007), the Dark Ages set the evolution of a feminist movement back to the era of chauvinism and male dominance.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Interpreting Dreams That Never Occurred: The Dream Sequence in The Wife of Bath’s Prologue and Its Implied Concepts specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite men being predominantly satisfied with the given state of affairs at that time, humanist ideas were spawned by Chaucer ‘s The Canterbury tales in the era when women had little to no authority in the society, therefore, posing a number of marriage and relationship related ethical questions to the male part of the audience and encouraging women to pursue their independence in marriage, which The Clerk’s tale and the dre am of the fifth wife in The wife of Bath’s prologue show in the most graphic way. The fact that the fifth wife was willingly inclining the man that would later on become her fifth husband to murder her fourth one, whom she accused of beating her and having her will completely trodden under his feet, can also be interpreted as not only the demand for women to be free in their marriage, as well as free to choose their future husband, but also the need for a woman to be equal to her husband. On the one hand, such interpretation seems impossible in the light of the oppression that women were under in the Middle Ages. Indeed, with the chauvinist ideas setting the course for social tendencies, as well as the principles for relationships between a man and a woman, the mere mentioning of equality would be absurd. Nevertheless, the plea – or, perhaps, even a demand – for being treated fair can be easily read into every single phrase uttered by the fifth wife, not to ment ion the dream story that she crafted: â€Å"You say that just as worms destroy a tree, / Just so a wife destroys her own husband; / Men know this who are bound in marriage band† (Chaucer, n. d., lines 382–384). In this regard, Clerk’s tale by Chaucer should also be mentioned. Also dealing with the subject of a woman’s role in marriage, it might be seen as a major retreat in Chaucer’s feminist endeavors, since the main storyline revolves around a woman being so devoted to her husband that she sacrifices her children and her happiness to serve him: â€Å"O Lord, I am willing  / To do your will† (Chaucer, n. d.). However, Chaucer still manages to state his opinion regarding equality in marriage: â€Å"But bow your neck beneath that blessed yoke  / Of sovereignty and not of hard service,  / The which men call espousal or wedlock† (Chaucer, n. d.).Advertising Looking for essay on british literature? Let's see if we can help y ou! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Griselda, therefore, is a symbol of a wife, who admits her husband to be her master. While being aligned with the contemporary Christian principles of marriage, from a humanist perspective, the given concept is absurd, since in marriage, both a wife and a husband must be provided with equal rights; any other type of relationships can be classified as not marriage, but slavery. In spite of the chauvinist tendencies of the Medieval society, as well as the lack of equality in relationship between a man and a woman in the Middle Ages, Chaucer managed to make a statement concerning the need to provide women with freedoms in their personal life. While not stating the fact that women are equal to men directly, Chaucer conveys the given principle in his Canterbury tales in a very clear manner, making an especially explicit statement in describing the dream of the fifth wife and The Clerk’s tale. The tales that could eas ily be interpreted as a joke by Chaucer’s contemporaries, they planted the seeds for feminist principles to evolve from. Reference List Chaucer, G. (n. d.). The clerk’s tale. Web. Chaucer, G. (n. d.) The wife of Bath’s prologue. Retrieved from jsu.edu/depart/english/gates/wifebprt.htm DuBois, E. C. (2007) Plato as a proto-feminist. Web.

Should You Get SAT Question and Answer Service for Score Verification

Should You Get SAT Question and Answer Service for Score Verification SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Do you want to use the results of your first SAT to study for your second attempt? Are you interested in seeing exactly how your SAT scores turned out the way they did? Do you love the SAT so much that you want to order 1600 copies of your test and dive into the pile of booklets like a much nerdier Scrooge McDuck (disclaimer: you can't actually do this)? Good news! The College Board provides the Student Answer Service and Question-and-Answer Service for the SAT to allow you to review your results in more detail after the test. In this article I’ll go through how these services work, why you might use them, and how to order them. What Are the Student Answer Service and the Question-and-Answer Service? They are two slightly different ways to review your scores in more detail after you take the SAT. The Question-and-Answer Service is basically a full disclosure guide to your scores. It includes: A booklet copy of the test that you took, including all the original questions. A table of correct answers and scoring information for the questions. A comprehensive report that lists the question type and level of difficulty for each test question. This report also shows your answers and whether you answered correctly, incorrectly, or omitted the question. The QAS is available if you took the SAT in October, March, or May in the United States or Canada. For testers in other countries it is only available for May test dates.It costs $18 to order. If QAS isn’t available, you can always order the Student Answer Service, which includes: Information on the types of questions on your test. The level of difficulty for each question and whether your answer was correct, incorrect, or omitted. The Student Answer Service is essentially a pared down version of the Question-and-Answer Service. It won't include your test booklet, so it doesn't allow you to review the questions in their original forms. Basically, the College Board only wants to release official exams when it's ready to retire the entire exam. (You can read about how the College Board reuses questions, leading to cheating, here). The SAS costs $13.50 to order, and you better believe it's $13.50 of the SAS(S)iest review materials you'll ever see. Unfortunately, you don’t have the option to choose between these two services. One or the other will be available exclusively based on when and where you took the test. Here’s a chart from the order form that makes it easy to figure out: Reasons to Order the Student Answer Service or Question-and-Answer Service The Student Answer Service and Question-and-Answer Service are useful and low-cost tools for reviewing your scores. Here are a few reasons why you should consider ordering whichever one is available to you: #1: To Figure Out Why You Got the Score You Did QAS gives you your entire test booklet, so you can review your answers and see exactly where your mistakes happened.You will know which question types tripped you up the most and their difficulty levels. #2: To Use as Review Material for the Next Time You Take the SAT You can see where your weaknesses were in the real test environment and use that information to guide your prep.QAS in particular is an excellent tool for this because you get your complete test booklet and can look in-depth at the questions you got wrong and the reasons why you missed them. #3: To See If a Mistake Was Made With Your Score Ordering QAS or SAS is the first step you should take if you are considering the more extreme option of Hand Score Verification.Hand Score Verification means your test is reviewed manually to see if an error was made in the scoring or scanning process.It costs a lot more, so you probably don’t want to order it without reviewing your results in more detail first. Signs of a scoring problem warranting further investigation might include a pattern of incorrect answers on a string of questions that should have been easy for you or a dramatically lower-than-expected overall score (as in 300+ points lower, not 50). The report you receive with the QAS or SAS shows you the correct answer, your answer, the question type (a key for this is provided), and the difficulty level. This makes it easy to detect these types of weird patterns. How to Order the Student Answer Service or Question-and-Answer Service You can order the Student Answer Service or Question-and-Answer Service during the process of test registration.This is something that you might consider if you know you are going to be taking the SAT again in the future and want to review your results to see how you can improve your scores.In this case, you should receive your materials in the mail within eight weeks of the test.If you are ordering the QAS or SAS after you take the test, there are a couple ways you can do it.You can place your order online through your College Board account by selecting â€Å"Order Verification† in the â€Å"My Scores† section. Or, if you’re old school or not paying with a card, here is a link to the order form that can be mailed in with payment.You can also order over the phone by calling the College Board’s Customer Service. If you order score verification services five weeks or more after the test date, results will take up to three weeks to be mailed to you.Make sure you place your order within five months of your original test date! What's Next? If you're wondering when you should take the SAT next, this article lists all the upcoming dates and helps you choose the right one for your needs. Still deciding whether or not to retake the SAT? Check out this article for some guidance. Here's a little more information if you're wondering how many times you should take the SAT overall. Also take a look at our complete study plan for the SATto learn more about structuring your prep time! Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Small business in Sub-Saharan Africa Research Paper

Small business in Sub-Saharan Africa - Research Paper Example Nonetheless, like in other developed and developing countries, small businesses continue to play a vital role in the country’s economic and social development. The benefits of small business development in Ethiopia are numerous and varied. At the very basic level, small businesses provide competition and employment (Anonymous 2009). Innovation is another product of small business evolution (Anonymous 2009). Job creation and the development of a competitive business sector are all due to the development of small businesses (Anonymous 2009). Therefore, it is essential that Ethiopian authorities invest material and non-material resources to encourage small business development in the country. This paper provides a brief evaluation of the small business climate in Ethiopia. The paper includes recent news and changes in Ethiopia’s small business climate. A discussion of the conditions and factors affecting economic and business development in Ethiopia is provided. The paper also includes a detailed discussion of barriers to creating a sustainable small business atmosphere in the country. The goal of the paper is to create a clearer picture of the conditions and barriers to small business in Ethiopia. This information will create a basis for developing and implementing a set of recommendations to improve the small business climate in Ethiopia. ... Providing Microsoft’s Security Essentials program is merely a part of a broader initiative aimed at supporting small businesses in Sub-Saharan Africa. Insignificant at first glance, the event has far-reaching implications for understanding the current state of small business development in Ethiopia. On the one hand, it is clear that other countries and companies want to support small businesses in their way to organizational and performance excellence. On the other hand, that Microsoft provides Ethiopian businesses with access to free antivirus software implies that not all businesses in Ethiopia can afford purchasing this software legally. Simultaneously, IBM is one of those which realize the importance of small business for every country’s development. Tadesse (2011) writes that small and midsized businesses are responsible for employing 90 percent of the global workforce. Small and medium enterprises also account for nearly one half of global GDP (Tadesse 2011). It i s no wonder that small business development remains one of the top policy priorities in the developed world. Unfortunately, not all countries are equally successful in meeting their policy objectives. Ethiopia: economic and social conditions and their implications for small businesses Ethiopia falls within the definition of a developing country which, nonetheless, strives to meet the main Millennium Development Goals (Stevenson & St-Onge 2005). Unfortunately, most, if not all, economic policy initiatives lead to poor results, as the bigger half of the national population leaves below the poverty line (Stevenson & St-Onge 2005). The country is faced with a serious challenge of poverty but persistently fails to reduce it (Stevenson &

American prison system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

American prison system - Essay Example The American colonies had similar correctional system, largely, with the exception of colonial administrators using more corporal punishment in America, than followed by their counter parts in the motherland. This resulted in more death penalties, during that period. However, William Penn had a different viewpoint, as he adopted â€Å"The Great Law† in Pennsylvania in 1682, which restricted the use of torture as a punishment method, while it allowed felons paying for restitution of property to their victims. While Walnut Street prison became the first penitentiary, Pennsylvania passed legislation, in 1776, which made way for reforming and rehabilitation of offenders, instead of using torture or execution. However, reformist methods like silence and labor could not help much, as prison authorities were forced to accommodate more than one prisoner in a cell, necessitated by the overcrowding of prisons. The same reason kept many prisoners without work in jails.(Criminal Justice i n Action: The Core, Prisons and Jails, pp313) Great Penitentiary Rivalry After gaining from the experience of Pennsylvania prison system, many American states tried to implement the concept of silence and labor, while interpreting the same in their own peculiar ways. In the process, the Pennsylvania Penitentiary and New York prison systems engaged in some sort of debate, over the correct and result-oriented method of prison administration. This gave birth to two known separate systems. The Pennsylvania Penitentiary system was entirely based on the â€Å"separate confinement† concept, as the prison had cells for inmates, built in such a manner that no prisoner could come under the influence of other inmate, during the confinement. While the New York system followed the Pennsylvania model of separate confinement, the authorities witnessed rise in sickness, insanity and suicide among inmates. Therefore the system was abandoned in 1822, as Elam Lynds adopted the â€Å"congregate system†, during his tenure as warden at Auburn. (Criminal Justice in Action: The Core, Prisons and Jails, pp314-5) Rivalry has influenced American thinking about prison system As America saw progressive movement in criminal justice, it started from the adoption of the â€Å"new penology†. This concept was put into practice at New York’s Elmira State Prison, in 1876, which introduced three-grade system for punishment, as well as, rewarding inmates displaying food behavior with early release. The theories adopted by Elmira model were incorporated during first few decades of twentieth century. Working on more reforms, progressive elements in the correctional system operations adopted â€Å"medical model† for prisoners, which made way for offering medical therapies to inmates for correcting their â€Å"ills†. However, most of the prison administrators did not agree to this level of rehabilitation in their systems. Further, many tough measures, for deal ing with incurable criminals, were incorporated; as criminologists and politicians tried to counter the menace of sharp rise in crime, during 1970s. Accordingly, four types of prisons were formulated; depending on the required security level, starting from minimum security to super-maximum security. (Criminal Justice in Action: The Core, Prisons and Jails, reassertion of punishment, pp313 & 331) Comparison between publicly funded and privately funded prisons Privatization, as applicable to goods and service sector may not be completely compatible to the prison system, any where in the world. However, for discussions on privatization, the prison system can come under the purview of

Systems Approach To Information Systems Change Essay

Systems Approach To Information Systems Change - Essay Example These transformations were not predictable at the setup, nor did they plainly emerge spontaneously in functioning by means of the novel expertise.This change procedure for Zeta system around the groupware information system technology sustained in the course of the subsequent year at Zeta while a number of predictable managerial transformations were chased through together developing as well as opportunity-based transforms connected by means of recounting proceedings as well as the knowledge and understanding expanded through employing the novel technology in carrying out.Now I will present the short self-reflection on what knowledge we need to develop, in order to improve as a management practitioner when undertaking information systems change. For this task, we require establishing a comprehensive research for the overall assessment of the information systems change and its effective management. In this scenario, we assess the main needs for old system and potential facilities that we require for the effective working and operations. In this way, we will effectively get the main needs regarding the system and its working structure. This research has presented a detailed analysis of the information system change management and handling. I have outlined the main areas that we need to transform for the effective services and business performance. This research has outlined the systems approach to information systems change. This research will be helpful regarding the system change assessment and implementation.

Mobile Phone Distribution Comparison: US and Myanmar

Mobile Phone Distribution Comparison: US and Myanmar INTRODUCTION It is not only the lives of individuals had been changed since the introduction of mobile phones, but also the future of the telecommunication sector. From a person informs his or her friends about changing in plans or dealing an international business with client or even a victim ask for help when something bad happens. Mobile phones are really important in today’s society. The boundaries of space, time and size had been narrowed down through the growth of the wireless communication sector. In the Americas region, there is a continuous growth and more than 50 percent of penetration rates in the South and Central America in mobile sector. While there are about 30 percent penetration rates in Peru, Honduras, Costa Rica, Bolivia and Nicaragua. On the other side, Argentina and Chile had 80 and 76 percent of penetration rates respectively. While in Asia-Pacific region, Myanmar and Kiribati had extremely low mobile phones penetration rate, which is 1 percent. In Taiwan, Singapore, Macao, Hong Kong and Australia, the penetration rate are 90 percent. There is average of 6.3 million new mobile subscribers in India every month in 2006. Moreover, 43 percent of Asia- Pacific mobile market is belongs to China with a penetration rates of 35 percent. The purpose of this paper is to find out why there is a big gap between the mobile network system of the United States and Myanmar. Myanmar was chosen because it has a very low mobile penetration level and Myanmar has only 9% out of 60 million people have mobile phones. This research question will emphasis on the distribution and segmentation of the medium in both United States and Myanmar, ownership, national regulatory structures, socio-economic origins and functions of mobile phones in today’s society. MAIN BODY DISTRIBUTION AND SEGMENTATION OF MOBILE NETWORK IN MYANMAR AND UNITES STATES Distribution of mobile network in Myanmar The telecommunications sector in Myanmar is under developed. Figure 2 shows that the mobile phone coverage serves just 10% of the population in Myanmar. There are more than 55,000 villages in Myanmar are still without mobile service. The government targets to reach 75 to 80 percent of mobile penetration in 2016. Figure 3 illustrates that only 0.8 per 100 habitants have a mobile phone subscription in Myanmar. Distribution of mobile network in United States While in United States, the biggest mobile network provider – Verizon had covers over 95% of the population by 4G LTE. Figure 4 illustrates the coverage of 4G LTE of Verizon in United States. There is a very big difference between the mobile network coverage of United States and Myanmar. Myanmar has a very low mobile phones penetration rates due to the poor mobile network coverage. Segmentation of mobile phones in Myanmar Nandar said that â€Å"two foreign firm Ooredoo and Telenor has tap in Myanmar has invested to improve their communication. While other country is enjoying the technology of cameras, trendiness and personalizing their own phone, Myanmar is still concern of their phone keyboard for Myanmar language.† Maierbrugger stated that Myanmar is still the stage to expand their mobile services. Based on the latest statistic, stated that only 5.4 million of Myanmar’s 60 million populations have cell phones. SIM cards used to be $160, but are now slowly being reduced with the help of foreign mobile companies. Segmentation of mobile phones in United States Based on comScore Networks research, their national panel survey concluded that there are three age-related segments. First is â€Å"The Cellular Generation†. They are aged from 18 to 24; this generation was born with mobile phone awareness, growing up with mobile phones. Second age-related segment is called â€Å"Transitioners†. They are mainly aged from 25 to 34 because this group falls into two particular segments which are those who grew up with mobile phone awareness and those who did not. Finally the third group is known as â€Å"Adult Adopters†. This group is aged 35 or older and they are not aware of phone until adulthood. They showed the least interest in emerging technologies. Figure above showing the result for cell phone attitudes by consumer segment for the year 2006. OWNERSHIP Ownership of mobile networks in Myanmar There are only two mobile network providers in Myanmar, they are the Myanma Posts and Telecommunications and Yatanarpon Teleport. â€Å"The Myanma Posts and Telecommunications (MPT), is the main provider of telecommunication services in Myanmar. MPT is operating under the Ministry of Communications, Posts and Telegraphs.† â€Å"In order to fulfil the demand for data communication services for the business and IT industry, Yatanarpon Teleport (YTP) was established in September 2002.† Song stated in International Business Times that â€Å"MPT and YTP only cover less than 10 percent of the network coverage in Myanmar. In June 2013, Qatars Ooredoo and Norway’s Telenor won contracts to develop the mobile network in the country†. Chun and Mahtani stated in the Wall Street Journal that â€Å"Ooredoo and Telenor will become the first foreign telecommunications operators in Myanmar. After decades of military rule in Myanmar, it welcomes the foreign investment to its once tightly controlled telecom sector by awarding the telecom licenses.† Ownership of mobile networks in United States While in United States, there are 14 mobile network providers. The four main providers are Verizon Wireless, ATT Mobility, Sprint Corporation and T-Mobile US. â€Å"Verizon Communications Inc., based in New York City was formed on June 30, 2000, with the merger of Bell Atlantic Corp. and GTE Corp.† â€Å"ATT Mobility is a wholly owned subsidiary of ATT Inc. ATT provides wireless services to 109.4 million subscribers in the United States.† â€Å"Sprint Corporation is a major global Internet carrier and also provides wireless service. SoftBank Corporation owned majority shares of the company.† â€Å"T-Mobile US, Inc. is an American wireless networks operator, headquartered in Bellevue, Washington. Deutsche Telekom AG maintains a 67% ownership of T-Mobile US, Inc. common stock.† NATIONAL REGULATORY STRUCTURES Spectrum scarcity is the main regulatory issue arising from the mobile network markets. Regulators have to allocate the spectrum rights with care to ensure the growth and efficiency in the market. The mobile network markets of United States and Myanmar are different as they have different number of operators and regulatory structures. National regulatory structures in Myanmar â€Å"The Telecoms Law in Myanmar stated that â€Å"access and interconnection provided by a licensee†¦ shall be on an equitable and non-discriminatory basis and shall not be of lower technical standard and quality than the technical standard or quality provided in the licensee’s own network facilities or network services†. The regulator have the power to negotiate interconnection with the licensees or even share the facilities that cannot be proficiently replicated. The interconnection agreement and the procedure for referring and resolving disagreement are being concluded when the draft regulations go on to specify period. However, it is unseen that how Myanmar practice these rules, but in writing Myanmar will have an international regime with other countries which are in best practice. The next concern is the public availability of licensing criteria. Myanmar had awarded two national mobile licences to Ooredoo and Telenor. The process was open and transparent with more than 90 bidders participating. In both the draft licensing guidelines and the law, the outline for the additional licences is clearly stated. The draft regulations had provided the licensing criteria, timeline and licence terms and it meet the requirements.† National regulatory structures in United States In United States, the mobile service started as a government-licensed duopoly with licenses extending over urban areas and later to rural service areas. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) achieved this by transferring the 115 MHz of spectrum into mobile uses. There are many operators owned the licenses but soon consolidation happened within the industry by mergers and acquisitions. FCC gives the permission to Fleet Call, a new company to penetrate the market by selling the special mobile radio licenses and convert them to cellular use in 1992, because Fleet Call offered to make better use of the spectrum. Then, an advance mobile communication- Personal Communications System (PCS) was invented. The licences for PCS con only be obtained through a government auction. SOCIO-ECONOMIC ORIGINS AND FUNCTIONS OF MEDIUM IN TODAY’S SOCIETY Socio Economic Origins in Myanmar Ever since Ooredoo and Telenor invested in Myanmar, there are numerous benefits which the country obtained. The overall economic effect of mobile sector in Myanmar is estimated to increase by 1.5-7.4 percent of gross domestic products (GDP) in the first 3 years after the licenses are issued. There will be an impact on the employment rate in Myanmar for mobile sector, estimated over 66,000 will be employed as full-time employees. Figure above explains both direct and indirect employment rate of mobile value chain. Productivity of workers increased for the past 3 years because of the effect of mobile communication. This is mainly caused by the information flow between seller and buyer, decrease in time for travelling, and the possibility to access in new areas in Myanmar. For example, agriculture sector, fisherman or farmers could quickly be notified about the price change in the market so that they could alter their plans. It is forecasted that Mobile Network Operator (MNO) gives various benefits to the supply side of economy in Myanmar via the direct impact of their outflow. As for the social impacts of mobile phone in Myanmar, the development of Myanmar’s community interpersonal and family communication will be improved. Moreover, isolated areas could be reached with the support of mobile phones. Hence isolation will be reduced. Socio Economic Origins in United States The mobile phone sector for United States brought a deep impact in the economy. Figure 6 shows that United States mobile phone industry has created 3.8 million directly and indirectly. An increment of 200,000 employments and this could conclude that an increase of 2.6% of all US employment. Furthermore, the phone industry with its direct and indirect workers has paid over $88.6 billion in taxes, as well as the federal, state and local fees. Moreover, mobile phone sector, it contributed $1.739 billion to US GDP from year 2011 to 2012. Moreover, an increase in government revenues as much $468 million and the employment rate also increased by 7,000. Figure 6 shows that the employment created by wireless industry in the United States in year 2011. Function of medium in today’s society The mobile phones clearly shows the priorities and values of our culture. Firstly, the mobile phones reveal the culture of constant communication. It is important for today’s society to stay connected with their family, friends and colleagues. People are able to call anyone with a mobile phone no matter where it is except for those areas that do not have mobile network coverage. Another concern of people purchase mobile phones is for safety reason. Mobile phones keep people feeling safe through being connected. Imagine someone stuck on a dark road with an empty gas tank or a flat tire and the person does not have a mobile phone to ask for help. The person might have wait for someone that pass by or start walking in the dark. Besides, this is a dangerous world, anything could happen. A mobile phone is needed for us to get help when we need it most. Another cultural priority of today’s society is reflected by the mobile phones, which is technology. We are living in a society that continuously searching for the â€Å"new and improved† technology. Mobile phones was very big and clunky objects that got very poor reception and not reliable. And now it transformed to a mobile phones that able to fit in our pocket and have many technological abilities that are important to todays society. After all, mobile phones are really extremely important in today’s society. CONCLUSION The purpose of this paper is to search for the reason why there is a big gap between the mobile network system of the United States and Myanmar. After the analysis, the main reason that the weak mobile network system in Myanmar is because of the military has the control of the whole telecommunications system. Myanmar did not open to other countries to invest in the telecommunications sector until 2013. However, the main concern of people getting a mobile phone is to look for safety, status, or service. Both United States and Myanmar need to invest in its infrastructure with proper regulatory measures to ensure they the people in the country could enjoy the best facilities.